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Antibiotics Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What makes mycobacterial infections like TB difficult to treat?

A

Slow-growing and resistant microbes - require prolonged treatment

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2
Q

Tuberculosis
Treatment regimen

A

Determine drug sensitivty
At least 2 drugs
6 month course for active TB

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3
Q

TB
Diagnosis

A

Chest x-ray
Sputum culture

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4
Q

Why is active TB treated with multiple antibiotics?

A

Some infecting bacilli are inherently resistant

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5
Q

How do you test for latent TB?

A

-TB skin test (PPD test)
-QuantiFERON-TB blood test

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6
Q

Standard treatment for latent TB

A

Isoniazid

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7
Q

Isoniazid
Uses

A

-Part of combo therapy for active TB
-Latent TB

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8
Q

Isoniazid
Adverse effects

A

Risk of liver damage
Neuropathy (tx is Vit B6 pyroxidine)
Optic neuritis (inflammation of optic nerve)

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9
Q

Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

Use

A

Antituberculosis drugs
(active TB)

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10
Q

Rifampin
Use

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic
TB

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11
Q

Rifampin
Adverse effects

A

-Liver damage
-Discoloration of body fluids (turns body fluids red) - not serious

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12
Q

Pyrazinamide
Use

A

Active TB

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13
Q

Pyrazinamide
Adverse effects

A

Liver damage

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14
Q

Ethambutol
Use

A

Active TB

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15
Q

Ethambutol
Adverse effect

A

Optic neuritis

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16
Q

Penicillin
Family

A

Beta-lactam

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17
Q

What antibiotics are in the beta-lactam family?

A

-cillins
-Cephalosporins
-Carbapenems (Imipenem)

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18
Q

Penicillin
Main adverse effect

A

Low toxicity, main adverse effect is allergic reaction

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19
Q

Penicillin
Mechanism of action

A

Weaken the cell wall, causing bacteria to take up excessive water and rupture

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20
Q

Beta-lactamase (e.g. penicillinase)

A

Mechanism of bacterial resistance where bacterial enzymes inactivate penicillin

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21
Q

Penicillin is active against gram ______ bacteria

A

positive

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22
Q

Gram negative bacteria have an extra ____ that make it difficult for antibiotics to penetrate

A

envelope / membrane

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23
Q

Penicillin and Nafcillin are ____ spectrum antibiotics

A

narrow

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24
Q

Ampicillin (Principen) and amoxicillin (Amoxil) are _____ spectrum penicillin

A

Broad

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25
Piperacillin/tazobactam is a _____ spectrum penicillin
extended
26
Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin) Use
-Strep -Kills a number of gram-positive organisms and some gram-negative organisms
27
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins effective against most Staph (but NOT MRSA)
Nafcillin Oxacillin Dicloxacillin
28
Broad-spectrum Penicillin (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin) Adverse effects
Rash Diarrhea
29
What does the Tazobactam in piperacillin/tazobactam do?
Beta lactamase inhibitor
30
Clavulanic acid Class
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
31
What antibiotic can be prescribed if patient has mild penicillin allergy?
Cephalosporin
32
Can you prescribe cephalosporin in a patient with history of anaphylaxis from penicillin?
NO (only in mild allergy)
33
Anaphylaxis Signs and symptoms
Severe hypotension Systemic hives (urticaria) Laryngeal edema Wheezing
34
Fluoroquinolones Use
Broad spectrum agents
35
Fluoroquinolones Route
IV PO
36
Fluoroquinolones Mechanism
Disrupt replication and cell division
37
Fluoroquinolones Adverse effects
Can cause tendon rupture (low risk) - usually affects Achilles tendon
38
Who is at greatest risk of tendon rupture from fluroquinolones?
-Patients older than 60 -Patients taking glucocorticoids
39
Fluoroquinolones end in -
Floxacin
40
Ciprofloxacin Class
Fluoroquinolone
41
Ciprofloxacin Uses
BROAD SPECTRUM Ex: anthrax, respiratory, UTI, GI, bones, joints, skin, soft tissue
42
Ciprofloxacin Adverse effects
CNS: dizziness, headache, restlessness, confusion Tendon rupture Increased risk of C. Diff
43
Ciprofloxacin Interactions
-Food/drugs that have ionic compounds / salts -Absorption reduced by antacids -Milk and dairy products -Can elevate levels of other drugs
44
Metronidazole [Flagyl] Uses
*C. diff* Anaerobes Protozoal infections (e.g. Giardia)
45
Metronidazole [Flagyl] Interaction
*Antabuse-type reaction*
46
What antibiotics have cross-reactivity with penicillin?
Cephalosporin Carbapenem
47
Cephalosporin Class
beta-lactam antibiotics (like penicillin)
48
Cephalosporin abx have what in their name?
Prefix of ceph or cef
49
Cephalosporin Toxicity
Like penicillin, toxicity is low
50
Cephalosporin Route
Usually IV Also available PO
51
Cephalosporin Mechanism
Bind to penicillin-binding proteins disrupt wall synthesis and cause cell lysis
52
How do drugs grow resistance towards Cephalosporin?
Beta-lactamases (cephalosporinases)
53
1st generation Cephalosporin are commonly used for _____ in the hospital
prophylaxis
54
Advantages to later generations of Cephalosporin (like 3rd on)
-Broader spectrum -Can kill more gram negative bacteria -Can kill Bacteria that make beta-lactamase -at 3rd generation - *can penetrate blood brain barrier* like meningitis
55
Which cephalosporin is active against MRSA?
5th generation Ceftaroline
56
What can 4th generation cephalosporin kill that earlier generations cannot?
Pseudomonas
57
Cefotetan (a cephalosporin) Interactions
-Combination with alcohol causes antabuse-like reaction -Warfarin (increased risk for serious bleeding)
58
Celphalosporin Adverse effects
Allergy Thrombophlebitis
59
Carbapenems (e.g. Imipenem [Primaxin]) Spectrum
Extremely broad spectrum
60
Carbapenems (e.g. Imipenem [Primaxin]) Use
Severe, hard to treat infections but NOT MRSA
61
Vancomycin Spectrum
Narrow spectrum Only gram-positive bacteria (e.g. staph, strep)
62
Vancomycin Uses
Severe infections (IV) Pts with penicillin allergy MRSA (IV only) C. Diff (PO)
63
Vancomycin Adverse effects
-Nephrotoxicity -Ototoxicity -Thrombophlebitis -"Red" syndrome - caused by histamine release when a pt takes too much too fast - signs are fever, tachycardia, itchiness (but no wheezing, or hypotension) - can treat with antihistamine

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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