Antibiotics

Question 1

chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria

Answer 1

antibiotics

Question 2

preventing the growth of bacteria

Answer 2

bacteriostatic

Question 3

killing bacteria directly

Answer 3

bactericidal

Question 4

cause bacteria to build weak cell walls when dividing

Answer 4

cephalosporins

Question 5

interfere with the DNA enzymes needed for growth and reproduction

Answer 5

Fluoroquinolones

Question 6

change protein synthesis by binging to ribosome within the cell to cause cell death or prevent cell division

Answer 6

aminoglycosides
macrolides
oxazolidinones

Question 7

change protein function and prevent cell division or cause cell death

Answer 7

carbapenems
ketolides
lincosamides

Question 8

alter cell membranes to allow leakage of intracellular substances and cause cell death

Answer 8

aztreionam
lipoglycopeptides

Question 9

prevent bacteria from building their cells during division

Answer 9

Penicillins

Question 10

inhibit folic acid synthesis for RNA and DNA production

Answer 10

sulfonamides

Question 11

inhibit protein synthesis thereby preventing reproduction

Answer 11

tetracyclines

Question 12

Antimycobacterial drugs affect mycobacteria in three ways

Answer 12

1. affect mycotic coat of the bactera
2. alter DNA and RNA
3. prevent cell division

Question 13

What is the goal of antibiotic therapy

Answer 13

to decrease the population of invading bacteria to a point at which the human inflammatory/immune system can effectively deal with the invader

Question 14

is done to determine the antibiotic to which that articular organism is most sensitive

Answer 14

sensitivity testing

Question 15

bacteria are those whose cell wall retains a stain known as Gram stain or resist decolorization with alcohol during culture and sensitivity testing

Answer 15

Gram-positive

Question 16

Gram positive bacteria are commonly associated with infections of the
1.
2.

Answer 16

1. respiratory tract
2. soft tissues

Question 17

are those cell walls lose a stain or are decolorized by alcohol

RED

Answer 17

gram negative bacteria

Question 18

Gram negative bacteria are frequently associated with infections of the
1.

Answer 18

genitourinary (GU) or GI tract

Question 19

depend on oxygen for survival

Answer 19

aerobic bacteria

Question 20

bacteria that do not use oxygen

Answer 20

anaerobic bacteria

Question 21

are a group of powerful antibiotics used to treat serious infections cause by Gram-negative aerobic bacilli

Answer 21

aminoglycosides

Question 22

What are the aminoglycosides drugs?

Answer 22

amikacin
gentamicin
neomycin
streptomycin
tobramycin

Question 23

treatment of serious gram negative infections

Answer 23

amikacin

Dose: 15 mg/kg/d
Route: IM or IV

reduce dose in renal failure

Question 24

treatment of Pseudomonas infections and a wide variety of gram-negative infections

Answer 24

gentamicin

Adult
Dose: 3 mg/kg/d
Route: IM or IV in three equal doses
Frequency: q8h

Pediatric
Dose: 2-2.5 mg/kg/d
Route: IV or IM
Frequency: q8h

ADD NOTES:
Peak: 30-90 mins
Half-life: 2-3 hours
Adverse effects: sinusitis, dizziness, rash, fever, risk of nephrotoxicity

Question 25

- Suppression of GI normal flora preoperatively - treatment of **hepatic coma** - topical treatment of skin wounds

Answer 25

neomycin (Mycifradin) Adult Dose: 4-12 g/d in divided doses Route: PO Frequency: 5-6 days Pediatric Dose: 50-100 mg/kg/d in divided doses Route: PO for hepatic coma

Question 26

- Fourth drug in combination therapy regimen for treatment of **tuberculosis** - treatment of severe infections

Answer 26

Streptomycin Adult Dose: 1-2 g/d Route: IM in divided doses Frequency: q6-12h Pediatric Dose: 20-40 mg/kg/d Route: IM in divided doses Frequency: q6-12h

Question 27

- Short-term IV or IM treatment of serious infections - **ocular infections** caused by susceptible bacteria - nebulizer management of **cystic fibrosis and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa** infections

Answer 27

tobramycin Adult Dose: 3 mg/kg/d in three equal doses Route: IM or IV Frequency: q8h Add notes: 300 mg bid by nebulizer Pediatric Dose: 6-7.5 mg/kg/d Route: IM or IV in 3 to 4 equally divided doses Add notes: 300 mg bid by nebulizer

Question 28

aminoglycosides are (bacteriostatic or bactericidal) ________

Answer 28

bactericidal (kills bacteria)

Question 29

Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed from the ____ but rapidly absorbed after ____ Peak levels: ______ Half life: ______

Answer 29

GI tract (poor) IM (rapid) Peak levels: 1 hour Half life: 2-3 hours

Question 30

Aminoglycosides are contraindicated in: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Answer 30

1. Known allergy 2. renal or hepatic disease 3. preexisting hearing loss 4. active infection with herpes or mycobacterial infections 5. myasthenia gravis *(weakness in the skeletal muscles)* or parkinsonism *(neurological disorder)* 6. lactation

Question 31

streptomycin is very toxic to ____ and ____

Answer 31

eight cranial nerve (Vestibulocochlear) kidney

Question 32

Most aminoglycosides have a synergistic bactericidal effect when given with ____

Answer 32

penicillins or cephalosporins

Question 33

AVOID combining aminoglycosides with ____ Why?

Answer 33

diuretics *increases ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotocicity*

Question 34

are a relatively new class of **broad-spectrum** antibiotics effective against **gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria**

Answer 34

carbapenems

Question 35

treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections or complicated UTIs including 1. pyelonephritis (bacteria infection causing inflammation to the kidney)

Answer 35

Doripenem (Doribax) Dosage: 500 mg Route: IV Frequency: over 1 hour q8h for 5-14 days

Question 36

Treatment of **community-acquired pneumonia, complicated GU infections, acute pelvic infections, complicated intra-abdominal infections, skin-skin structure infections**

Answer 36

ertapenem Adult Dose: 1 g/d Route: IV or IM Frequency: 5-14 days Pediatrics Dose: 15 mg/kg Route: IM or IV Frequency: bid for 3-14 days

Question 37

Treatment of serious respiratory, intra-abdominal, urinary tract, gynecological, bone and joint, skin and skin structure infections - septicemia (blood poisoning by bacteria - endocarditis ( inflammation of the inside of the heart caused by bacteria) - bone and joint infections - polymicrobic infections

Answer 37

imipenem-cilastatin Dosage: 500 mg Route: IV Frequency : q6h or Dosage: 1000 mg Route: IV Frequency: q8h

Question 38

Treatment of **bacterial meningitis** - complicated skin structure infections - intra-abdominal infections

Answer 38

meropenem Adult Dose: 500-1000 mg Route: IV Frequency: q8h Pediatric Dose: 500 mg to 2g Route: IV Frequency: q8h

Question 39

Treatment of adults with complicated **urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis**

Answer 39

meropenem-vaborbactam Dose: 4g Route: IV Frequency: q8h over 3 hours for up to 14 days

Question 40

Contraindications of carbapenems 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 40

1. known allergy to any of the carbapenems or beta-lactams 2. seizure disorder 3. meningitis 4. lactation