Antibiotics

Question 1

What is a community acquired infection?

Answer 1

An infection that is acquired by a person who has not been hospitalized (within the past year) or had a medical procedure (e.g., dialysis, surgery, catheterization) within the past year

Question 2

What is a Healthcare-associated infection

Answer 2

an infection that was contacted in a health care facility, was not present or incubating upon admission to facility,

Question 3

What is the difference between A disinfectant and a Antiseptic?

Answer 3

Disinfectant: Kills organisms
Used only on nonliving objects
Cidal agent
Antiseptic: Generally only inhibits the growth of microorganisms; does not necessarily kill them
Applied exclusively to living tissue
Static agents

Question 4

What are antibiotics?

Answer 4

drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections.

Question 5

List and describe the three types of Antibiotic therapies

Answer 5

Empiric: treating an infection before a specific culture has been obtained
Definitive: Antibiotic therapy that is tailored treat an organism that has been identified with a culture
Prophylactic: Antibiotic therapy used to prevent an infection

Question 6

Name the classes of Antibiotics

Answer 6

Sulfonamides
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Macrolides
Quinolones
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

Question 7

What are the four MoAs of Antibiotics?

Answer 7

Interference with cell wall synthesis
Interference with protein synthesis
Interference with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication
Acting as a metabolite to disrupt critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell

Question 8

What is the MoA of Sulfonamides?

Answer 8

Has a bacteriostatic action by preventing the synthesis of folic acid which inhibits the production of purines an nucleic acid

Question 9

what are Sulfonamides indicated for?

Answer 9

for gram -ve and +ve MOs
Commonly used for UTIs, URTIs, Staphylococcus infections because of the high rate of community-acquired MRSA infections.

Question 10

What are the Contraindications for Sulfonamides?

Answer 10

when taken with Celoxicib
pregnancy and infants < 2 yo

Question 11

what are Adverse effects of Sulfonamides?

Answer 11

Anemia
thrombocytopenia
photosensitivity
NVD
pancreatitis
hepatotoxicity
crystalluria
cough
headache
should always take with 2000-3000 mL of water to prevent urine crystals, and be take with food

Question 12

List the Sulfonamide drug you need to know for the exam

Answer 12

SMX-TMP (sulfamethoxazole with Trimethoprim)

Question 13

Pharmacokinetics of SMX-TMP

Answer 13

Route: PO
OsA: varies
Peak: 2-4 hrs
HL:7-12 hrs
DoA:12 hrs

Question 14

List the sub classes of Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Answer 14

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

Question 15

List the types sub types of Penicillin’s

Answer 15

Natural
Penicillinase-resistant
Amino
Extended spectrum

Question 16

What is a the MoA of Penicillin?

Answer 16

The enter through the bacteria cell wall and bind to protein receptors in bacteria which interferes with the bacteria’s ability to form a effective cell wall which results in lysis of the cell

Question 17

What are the indications of Penicillin?

Answer 17

the prevention and treatment of infections from susceptible bacteria (most commonly gram +ve)

Question 18

What are the contraindications of Penicillin’s?

Answer 18

allergy

Question 19

what are the Adverse Effects of Penicillin’s?

Answer 19

Angioedema, rash, NVD, abdominal pain, urticaria, pruritus

take with water not juice as the acidity interferes with the penicillin

Question 20

List the Natural Penicillin Drugs you need to know for the exam

Answer 20

Penicillin G
Penicillin V

Question 21

List the Penicillinase resistant Drugs you need to know for the exam

Answer 21

Cloxacillin sodium

Question 22

List the List the Aminopenicillins Drugs you need to know for the exam

Answer 22

Amoxicillin
Ampicillin

Question 23

List the B Lactamase inhibitors drug you need to know for the exam

Answer 23

Clavulanic acid
Tazobactam

Question 24

List the Extended Spectrum drug you need to know for the exam

Answer 24

Piperacillin

Question 25

How many Generations of Cephalosporins is there?

Answer 25

5 (only four are used in Canada)

Question 26

What is the MoA of Cephalosporins?

Answer 26

Same as Penicillin it interferes with bacteria's ability to form an effective cell wall. is bactericidal in nature

Question 27

T/F: the higher the generation of Cephalosporin the greater ability to fight gram negative bacteria?

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are the Indications of Cephalosporins?

Answer 28

The prevention and treatment of bacterial infections that are susceptible to the drug

Question 29

What are the Contraindications of Cephalosporins?

Answer 29

Allergy

Question 30

What are the Adverse Effects of Cephalosproins?

Answer 30

Angioedema, pruritus, urticaria, Rash, NVD administer with food to prevent upset GI tract

Question 31

Name the 1st gen Cephalosporins

Answer 31

cephalexin Cefazolin

Question 32

Name the 2nd gen Cephalosporins

Answer 32

Cefoxitin Cefuroxime

Question 33

Name the 3rd gen Cephalosporins

Answer 33

Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone

Question 34

What is the MoA of Carbapenems?

Answer 34

Antibiotics that have the widest antibacterial range of any antibiotic to date. they inhibit the formation of bacteria's cell wall synthesis.

Question 35

Name the 4th gen Cephalosporins

Answer 35

Cefepime hydrochloride

Question 36

Indications of Carbapenems?

Answer 36

Reserved for acutely ill patients in hospital dealing with body cavity and connective tissue infections.

Question 37

What Are the contraindications of Carbapenems?

Answer 37

allergy to penecillin

Question 38

What are the Adverse effects of Carbapenems?

Answer 38

May cause drug-induced seizures, which can be mitigated with titration of dose.

Question 39

What is the Carbapenem Drugs you need to know for the exam?

Answer 39

imipenem/cilastatin (inhibits the enzyme that breaks down imipenem)

Question 40

What are Monobactams primary effective against

Answer 40

gram negative bacteria

Question 41

What is the MoA of Macrolides

Answer 41

These drugs will prevent the protein synthesis in Bacteria's cells walls by binding to the s ribosome (is a bacteriostatic drug)

Question 42

Indications of Macrolides

Answer 42

Strep infections mild to moderate Respiratory infections Spirochetal infections Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Mycoplasma

Question 43

Contraindications of Macrolides

Answer 43

allergy

Question 44

What are the Adverse effects of Macrolides

Answer 44

NVD, liver toxicity, flatulence, jaundice, anorexia eat a snack for meal after taking to relive upset GI tract

Question 45

What are the Macrolides Drugs you need to know for the exam?

Answer 45

Erythromycin azithromycin clarithromycin

Question 46

What is Tetracyclines MoA?

Answer 46

Inhibit protein synthesis of bacteria by binding to 30s ribosomes (are bacteriostatic)

Question 47

What are the indications of Tetracyclines?

Answer 47

Have a very wide spectrum against gram positive and negative Mos

Question 48

What are the contraindications of tetracyclines?

Answer 48

allergy, avoid in pregnant and nursing mothers, not given to children under 8 yo

Question 49

What are the adverse effects of Tetracyclines?

Answer 49

discolouration of teeth in children under 8 Possible skeletal growth stunting if taken during pregnancy alter the intestinal flora upset the GI system vaginal candidiasis Avoid milk products, iron preparations, antacids, and other dairy products because of the chelation and drug binding that occur. take with 180 mL of water avoid sunlight and tanning beds

Question 50

List some nursing implications for Antibiotics

Answer 50

ALWAYS OBTAIN A CULTURE asses cardiac, renal, liver function, and allergies instruct pt to take antibiotics are prescribed monitor for super infection always ensure you administer the right medication all antibiotics should be taken with 180 mL of water