antibiotics

Question 1

what are antibiotics

Answer 1

medicines that either destroy microorganisms or prevent them from reproducing

Question 2

how do all antimicrobial drugs work

Answer 2

by selective toxicity

Question 3

selective toxicity

Answer 3

antimicrobial drugs interfere with the metabolism or function of pathogen

Question 4

first antibiotic

Answer 4

penicillin

Question 5

why are antibiotics effective

Answer 5

they disrupt biochemistry of the bacterial cells

Question 6

antimetabolics as antimicrobial action

Answer 6

interrupt metabolic pathways such as blocking nucleic acids synthesis causing death

Question 7

example of antimetabolites

Answer 7

sulfonamides

Question 8

protein synthesis inhibitors as antimicrobial action

Answer 8

prevent transcription and translation of microbial genes so protein production effected

Question 9

examples of protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 9

tetracyclines
-chloramphenicol

Question 10

cell wall agents as antimicrobial agents

Answer 10

prevent formation of cross linking in cell walls so bacteria killed by lysis

Question 11

examples of cell wall agents

Answer 11

beta- lactams eg penicilins

Question 12

cell membrane agents as antimicrobial damage

Answer 12

damage cell membrane so metabolites leak out or water moves in killing bacteria

Question 13

examples of cell membrane agents

Answer 13

some penicillins
-cephalosporins

Question 14

DNA gyrase inhibitors as antimicrobial action

Answer 14

stop bacterial DNA coiling up so doesnt fit within bacterium

Question 15

examples of DNA gyrase inhibitors

Answer 15

quinolone

Question 16

examples of bacteriostatics

Answer 16

antimetabolites
-protein synthesis inhibitors

Question 17

name some bacteriostatic antibiotics

Answer 17

sulfonamides
-tetracyclines
-chloramphenicol

Question 18

example of bacteriacidals

Answer 18

cell wall agents
-cell membrane agents
-DNA gyrase inhibitors

Question 19

examples of bacteriostatics

Answer 19

penecilins
-cephalosporins
-quinolone

Question 20

effects of bacteriostatics

Answer 20

stop metabolic pathways like nucleic acid synthesis
-protein synthesis disruption

Question 21

effects of bacteriocidal

Answer 21

-prevent cross links
-damage cell membranes
-stop DNA coiling to fit in bacterium

Question 22

when are bacteriocidals given

Answer 22

when dangerous infection caught
-when patient immune system supressed such as transplant patients
-taking immunosupresent drugs

Question 23

broad spectrum antibiotic

Answer 23

destroys wide range of harmful bacteria pathogens and good bacteria

Question 24

narrow spectrum antibiotics

Answer 24

targets one of 2 specific pathogens

Question 25

factors for effectiveness of antimicrobials

Answer 25

concentration of drug in area of body infected -affected by how easily drug can reach tissue and how quickly its excreted local pH whether pathogen or host tissue destroy pathogens how pathogen reacts to antibiotic used

Question 26

how can you investigate the effect of different antibiotics on bacteria

Answer 26

-on agar plate inoculated bacterial culture -filter paper discs with different antibiotics placed on agar covering to ensure oxygen not excluded -control culture of microorganisms with known sensitivity to antibiotic grown same time under same conditions -level of inhibition of bacterial growth gives measure of effectiveness of drugs

Question 27

how is an antibiotic only effective

Answer 27

if microorganism has binding site for drug and metabolic process or pathway antibiotic interferes with

Question 28

how are bacterias resistant

Answer 28

natural selection -mutations help bacteria resist antibiotic effects -mutations become more common and population become resistant to drug

Question 29

what can mutations also lead to

Answer 29

new biochemical pathways -switch on or create gene for production of antibiotic destroying enzyme -become more common

Question 30

what speeds up mutations of bacteria

Answer 30

wide spread use of antibiotics

Question 31

how does wide spread use of antibiotics increase resistance

Answer 31

as different antibiotics are used to tackle increasing resistance -increases selection pressure for evolution of bacteria that are resistant to all of them

Question 32

MRSA methicillin resistant staphycoccus auerus

Answer 32

resistant to methicillin and cause death

Question 33

how to reduce antibiotic resistance

Answer 33

reduce selection pressure for resistance by using antibiotics sparingly -complete course -use few different ones as possible -vary them and introduce new ones

Question 34

problem with new antibiotics use

Answer 34

being developed dropping fast -bacteria get repeated exposure to same increases likelihood of resistance

Question 35

superbugs

Answer 35

in hospitals or care homes where people are ill or had surgery -antibiotic use at its highest

Question 36

HCAI

Answer 36

healthcare associated infections

Question 37

examples of HCAI

Answer 37

MRSA and clostridium difficile

Question 38

effects of catching HCAIs

Answer 38

longer at hospital -more money spent on patients -suffering for people infected and family