Antibiotics

Question 1

What are beta lactams and where do they target

Answer 1

•class of antibiotic
•cell wall synthesis

Question 2

What are glycopeptides and what do they target

Answer 2

•class of antibiotics
•cell wall synthesis

Question 3

What are aminoglycosides and what do they target

Answer 3

•class of antibiotic
•ribosomes

Question 4

Examples of beta lactams

Answer 4

•penicillins
•cephalosporins
•carbapenems
•mono bactams

Question 5

Examples of Penicillins

Answer 5

•penicillin
•flucloxacillin
•ampicillin/amoxycillin

Question 6

Is it best to prescribe a broad or narrow spectrum antibiotic

Answer 6

•narrow first
•allows to protect the broad antibiotics from resistance

Question 7

Penicillin spectrum type

Answer 7

•narrow

Question 8

Flucloxacillin spectrum (specifically?)

Answer 8

•narrow
•staphylococcus aureus

Question 9

ampicillins/amoxycillins spectrum

Answer 9

•broader spectrum penicillin

Question 10

What does penicillin attack

Answer 10

•many strains streptococcus pneumoniae

•Group A streptococcus

Question 11

What was the first semi synthetic methicillin

Answer 11

•methicillin
•followed by flucloxacillin
•UK uses flucloxacillin over methicillin

Question 12

What are broader spectrum penicillins used for

Answer 12

•enterococci
•streptococci

Question 13

How were penicillins advanced

Answer 13

•combined with beta lactamase inhibitors

Question 14

What is beta lactamase

Answer 14

•enzyme bacteria release to breakdown beta lactam antibiotics

Question 15

What are clavulanate and tazobactam

Answer 15

•beta lactamase inhibitors
•stop bacteria breaking down beta lactam antibiotics

Question 16

What is co-amoxiclav (Augmentin)

Answer 16

•antibiotic
•combination of amoxycillin and clavulanate

Question 17

What is piptazo-bactam (tazobactam)

Answer 17

•antibiotic
•combination of piperacillin (penicillins) and tazobactam

Question 18

What is co amoxiclav (augmentin) spectrum and what is it used for

Answer 18

•broad spectrum
•Gram + and -
•anaerobes (-pseudonomas)

Question 19

What anaerobe does augmentin not work for

Answer 19

•Pseudomonas

Question 20

What is piptazo bantam (tazocin) spectrum and what is it used on

Answer 20

•very broad
•gram + and -
•anaerobes (+pseudomonas)

Question 21

What antibiotic would you use for pseudonomas - Augmentin or Tazocin and why

Answer 21

•Tazocin
•Augmentin doesn’t cover pseudonomas in its anaerobes

Question 22

Where were cephalosporin antibiotics founded

Answer 22

•Sardinian sewage
•from cephalosporium mould

Question 23

What disease does cephalosporin antibiotics cause

Answer 23

•clostridioides difficile disease

Question 24

What is clostridioides difficile disease

Answer 24

Infection of clostridioides difficile bacteria in the bowel
•causing diarrhoea

Question 25

How do cephalosporin antibiotics cause clostridioides difficile disease

Answer 25

•it suppresses/kills healthy bacteria of the bowel flora •letting clostridioides difficile overgrow

Question 26

How many generations of cephalosporin antibiotics

Answer 26

•5 •mostly used 1-3

Question 27

What spectrum do cephalosporins cover and what do they attack

Answer 27

•broad spectrum •gram + and - •NOT anaerobes •NOT pseudonomas

Question 28

What happens to cephalosporins as the generations increases

Answer 28

•gain gram - ability at expense of gram + •1st more gram + •3rd more gram -

Question 29

Carbapenems spectrum and what does it attack

Answer 29

•VERY broad spectrum •gram + and - •anaerobes •pseudonomas

Question 30

What are carbapenems used for

Answer 30

•critical care •ICUs (intensive care units) •bone marrow transplant •chemotherapy

Question 31

What are beta lactams toxicity/dangers

Answer 31

•generally safe •allergy well known •blood level tests not needed

Question 32

Beta lactams side effects

Answer 32

Common= rash, gastrointestinal upset Rare = bone marrow suppression (rare)

Question 33

Glycopeptide example

Answer 33

Vancomycin

Question 34

How were glycopeptides founded/originate

Answer 34

•by streptomyces in dirt sample from Borneo

Question 35

Glycopeptides spectrum

Answer 35

•Gram + only = nearly all

Question 36

When are glycopeptides used

Answer 36

•critical care

Question 37

Glycopeptides toxicity

Answer 37

•nephrotoxic •blood levels measured to avoid toxicity

Question 38

What syndrome can glycopeptides (vancomycin) cause and why

Answer 38

•red man syndrome •toxicity to the kidneys

Question 39

Symptoms of red man syndrome

Answer 39

•flushing •itchiness •hypotension •chest pain

Question 40

Examples of an aminoglycoside antibiotic

Answer 40

Gentamicin

Question 41

What do aminoglycosides originate from

Answer 41

•micromonospora sp

Question 42

What antibiotic is on the WHO list of essential medicines and why

Answer 42

•aminoglycosides (gentamicin) •effective and inexpensive

Question 43

What spectrum do aminoglycosides (gentamicin) cover

Answer 43

•Gram negatives

Question 44

Aminoglycosides toxicity

Answer 44

•nephrotoxic (kidneys) •ototoxic (inner ear hair cells) •requires blood level measuring

Question 45

Ototoxic meaning

Answer 45

•Inner ear damage

Question 46

Bactericidal meaning

Answer 46

•kill the bacteria once it’s there

Question 47

What antibiotics fight anaerobes

Answer 47

•metronidazole •augmentin •tazocin •carbapenems

Question 48

Bacteriastatic meaning

Answer 48

•prevents bacteria growing

Question 49

What antibiotics cover MRSA

Answer 49

•vancomycin •linezolid

Question 50

What antibiotics cover gram +

Answer 50

•vancomycin •linezolid •penicillins •cephalosporins •augmentin •tazocin •carbapenems

Question 51

What antibiotics cover gram -

Answer 51

•cephalosporins •augmentin •tazocin •carbapenems •gentamicin

Question 52

What antibiotics cover pseudonomas

Answer 52

•tazocin •carbapenems •gentamicin

Question 53

Antibiotics for beta lactamase producers

Answer 53

•augmentin •tazocin •carbapenems •gentamicin

Question 54

What are the main beta lactamase producers

Answer 54

•E. Coli •Klebsiella

Question 55

Bactericidal antibiotic examples

Answer 55

•beta lactams •glycopeptides •aminoglycosides •quinolones

Question 56

Bacteristatic antibiotics examples

Answer 56

•macrolides •tetracyclines •chloramphenicol •sulphonamides

Question 57

When are bactericidal antibiotics required

Answer 57

•febrile neutropaenia •meningitis •infective endocarditis •bacteraemic sepsis

Question 58

Febrile neutropaenia

Answer 58

•absence of white blood cells

Question 59

Infective endocarditis

Answer 59

•heart valve infections

Question 60

Bacteraemic sepsis

Answer 60

•bacteria in the bloodstream

Question 61

What pathogens can antibiotics be used for

Answer 61

Bacteria ONLY