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Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A drug used to treat an infection caused by bacteria

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2
Q

What are the four general mechanisms of antibiotic action?

A

Disruption of bacterial cell wall

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

Inhibit protein synthesis

Antimetabolite activity

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3
Q

Which groups of antibiotics mechanism of action is to disrupt the bacterial cell wall?

A

Beta-lactams

  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • carbapenems
  • monobactems

Glycopeptides

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4
Q

How do beta-lactams disrupt the bacterial cell wall?

A

Form covalent bonds with penicillin-binding protein to inhibit final formation of cross links

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5
Q

How do glycopeptides disrupt the bacterial cell wall?

A

Inhibit the release of the building block unit from the cell membrane.

Prevent addition to growing end of the peptidoglycan

Damages cytoplasm

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6
Q

Give examples of penicillins

A

Simple (susceptible to Beta-lactamases):

  • Penicillin V
  • Benzylpenicillin
  • Amoxicillin

Resistant (prevent ring breakdown):

  • Flucloxacillin
  • Co-amoxiclav
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7
Q

What are the uses of simple penicillins?

A

Gram +ve cocci - e.g. streptococcus

Gram -ve cocci/bacilli - e.g. listeria

Spirochetes - e.g. Syphilis

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8
Q

What are the uses of resistant penicillins?

A

Same as simple penicillins, but also for Staphylococcus

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9
Q

What infections can penicillin be used against?

A

RTIs

UTIs

Skin infections

Ear infections

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10
Q

What are the side effects of penicillins?

A

Hypersensitivity ~10% (~0.2% anaphylaxis)

Diarrhoea

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11
Q

Give examples of cephalosporins

A

1st generation

  • Cephradine
  • Cephalexin

2nd generation
- Cefuroxime

3rd generation

  • Cefotaxime
  • Ceftriaxone
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12
Q

What are the side effects of cephalosporins?

A

Similar to penicillin

i.e. hypersensitivity, diarrhoea

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13
Q

Which cephalosporin would be used to treat meningitis?

A

Cefotaxime (3rd)

Ceftriaxone (3rd)

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14
Q

Which cephalosporin would be used to treat pseudomonas?

A

Ceftriaxone (3rd)

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15
Q

Which cephalosporin would be used to treat community acquired meningitis?

A

Cefuroxime (2nd)

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16
Q

Which cephalosporin would be used to treat skin/soft tissue infection?

A

Cephradine (1st)

Cephalexin (1st)

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17
Q

Give an example of a glycopeptide?

A

Vancomycin

not absorbed orally, althought can treat GIT infection

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18
Q

Which conditions might you use glycopeptides for?

A

MRSA

Resistant C. Difficile

(Usually administered I.V. - not absorbed otherwise)

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19
Q

What are the side effects of Glycopeptides?

A

Ototoxic - ear and its nerve supply

Nephrotoxic - kidneys

“Red Man Syndrome” - Hypersensitivity reaction

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20
Q

Which groups of antibiotics mechanism of action is to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinolones

Metranidazole

Rifampicin

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21
Q

Which groups of antibiotics mechanism of action is to inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Macrolides

tetracyclines

Aminoglycosides

Chloramphenicol

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22
Q

Which groups of antibiotics mechanism of action is antimetabolite activity?

Study These Flashcards
A

Trimethoprim

Sulphonamides

23
Q

How do quinolones inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Inhibit DNA gyrase enzyme to prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA

24
Q

Give examples of quinolones

Study These Flashcards
A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

i.e. -oxacin

25
How does metranidazole inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
Damage DNA by forming reactive intermediates that inhibit DNA synthesis
26
How does rifampicin inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
Inhibit RNA polymerase to prevent transcription of mRNA
27
What are Quinolones used for?
Broad spectrum antibiotic, although usually 2nd line Especially used against pseudomonas - only oral Abx that works
28
What can inhibit the absorption of quinolones?
Metals
29
What are the contraindications and interactions of quinolones?
CI: - Epilepsy - reduces seizure threshold - Children Interactions: - Warfarin
30
What is metranidazole used for?
Effective against anaerobes Abdo, GI and Perineal infections
31
What are the side effects / interactions of Metranidazole?
Alcohol interaction - Vomiting - tachycardia - dyspnoea
32
What is Rifampicin used for?
Used in Mycobacteria, especially Tuberculosis (RIPE - used in combo)
33
What are the side effects / interactions of Rifampicin?
Induces P450s - Th. any drugs that are metabolised by P450s have increased efficacy Stains contact lenses orange
34
How do macrolides inhibit protein synthesis?
Binds to 50S subunit and inhibits translocation (where tRNA in A site is moved along to the P site)
35
How do tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis?
Binds to the 30S subunit of the ribosome. Actively competes with the tRNA for the A site to inhibit its binding.
36
How do aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis?
Binds to 30S subunit of the ribosome. Causes misreading of codon on the mRNA, resulting in non-functional proteins produced
37
How does chloramphenicol inhibit protein synthesis?
Inhibits transpeptidation (where the growing peptide chain attached to the P site is transferred to the amino-acid attached to tRNA in A site)
38
Give examples of macrolides
Erythromycin Clarithromycin
39
Give examples of tetracyclines
Doxycycline Oxytetracycline Tetracycline
40
Give examples of aminoglycosides
Gentamicin Tobramycin Amikacin
41
Which antibiotics are used as a penicillin replacement?
Macrolides
42
What are the indications of macrolides?
Substitute for penicillin = similar effects More SE though
43
What are the side effects/interactions of macrolides?
Inhibit liver metabolism of warfarin and statins => may induce OD on these drugs - withhold statins Diarrhoea and Vomiting
44
What are the indications of tetracyclines?
Skin/soft tissue infection (mostly) Acne
45
What are the side effects of tetracyclines?
Photosensitivity
46
What are the interactions of tetracyclines?
Children, Pregnancy, Breastfeeding | - Incorporated into bone/teeth = causes discolouration and growth stunting
47
What are the indications of aminoglycosides?
RTIs and tuberculosis | administered IV only
48
Waht are the side effects of aminoglycosides?
Oxotoxicity (Ear) - especially in elderly Nephrotoxicity (Kidney)
49
What is the action of trrimethoprim?
Inhibits the usage of folate
50
What is the action of sulphonamides?
Inhibit mechanism of folate synthesis
51
What are the indications for trimethoprim?
Used mostly in UTIs | - Excreted unchanged in high quantities in urine
52
What are the side effects of trimethoprim?
Rare but serious side effects therefore only if risk-benefit balance is good
53
Which antibiotics should be used for infection as a result of stones?
IV Ampicillin IV Gentamicin

Antibiotics (1 decks)

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