Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Antimicrobial > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

(51 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Penicillin MOA

A

Time dependent killing
Bind to PBP during cross-linking of cell wall

Resistance: beta lactamases, modification of PBP, efflux, impaired penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Penicillin Spectrum

A 
- B-lactamase negative GPC
(S.pneumoniae, S.pyrogens, VGS)
- oral anaerobes (GPs) (actinomyces, peptococcus, petptostretococcus)
- N. meningitis (GN)
- syphilis 
* GRAM POSITIVES**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Penicillin Gaps

A
  • atypical organisms
  • B-lactamase (+) GPCs - Staph
  • aerobic GNB
  • anaerobic GN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Amoxicillin/Ampicillin MOA

A

PCN + more penetration into outer membrane and higher affinity for PBP so increase in GN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Amoxicillin/Ampicillin Spectrum

A

PCN + gram positives including enterococcus

some gram negatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Amoxicillin/Ampicillin Gaps

A

susceptible to B-lactamases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Piperacillin Spectrum

A

more GN activity
- harder to treat GN  pseudomonas & enterococcus

Gaps in Coverage:
- susceptible to B-lactamases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Piperacillin + Tazobactam Spectrum

A

Useful for where there is resistance! LARGE spect.

  • oral anaerobes
  • GP in general (inc. MSSA)
  • GN in general
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cephalosporins 1st gen

A

cefazolin

cephalexin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cephalosporins 1st gen spectrum

A 
Coverage: PCN PLUS
- easy to kill GN: E.coli, proteus spp., klebsiella spp
Retain:
- aerobic GPC
- oral anaerobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cephalosporins 2nd gen

A

cefoxitin
cefaclor
cefuroxime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cephalosporins 2nd gen spectrum

A

Coverage: PCN + 1GC PLUS
- gut anaerobes: B. fragillis sp (but resistance high so not often used)

cefuroxime: H.influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis (respiratory organisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cephalosporins 3rd gen

A

Ceftriaxone
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cephalosporins 3rd gen spectrum

A

Ceftriaxone: 1st GC PLUS broader GNB
Gaps in Coverage: LOSE: Staph activity & anaerobic coverage

Ceftazidime: PCN PLUS broader GNB than 2nd GC (b/c of sidechain which inc. penetration of GN membrane) and Pseudomonas
Gaps in Coverage: LOSE GP coverage** NO strep or staph coverage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cephalosporins 4th gen

A

Cefepime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cephalosporins 4th gen spectrum

A

Coverage: 3GC plus more GNs, AmpC

Retain:

  • GP similar to ceftriaxone (3GC)
  • PsA similar to ceftazidime (3Gc)

Gaps in Coverage:
- ESBL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Carbapenems: Meropenem and Imipenem

A

Coverage: added to Pip/tazo OR 3GC

  • oral & gut anaerobes
  • GP in general (inc. MSSA)
  • GN in general
  • ESBL
  • ampC
  • Pseudomonas (M&I)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carbapenems: Ertapenem

A
  • less activity than mero/imipen against GN

- LOSE: pseudomonas, enterococci, acinetobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vancomycin

A 
Coverage:
- GPs only (b/c too large & polar to cross GN CM)
- C. difficile (po)
- MSSA, MRSA
- PCN resistant strep meningitis 
- enterococcus
“drug of last choice” 
Use when:
- B-lactam allergy, B-lactam resistance (MRSA, CoNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vancomycin AE

A
  • red man syndrome: pruritis, red rash of face, neck, upper torso w/ hypoT -> tx by slowing infusion rate (histamine release causes this)
  • hypotension, flushing, erythematous rash, chills (infusion related)
  • ototxicity (w/ other ototoxic drugs)
  • nephrotoxicity (risk ↑w/ high doses or other nephrotoxic drugs)
  • neutropenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Daptomycin

Study These Flashcards
A

Coverage:
- GPs (inc. MRSA, MRSE, VRE)

Gaps in Coverage:

  • no GNs
  • no anaerobes
22
Q

Daptomycin AE

Study These Flashcards
A

myalgias, myopathies

23
Q

Ciprofloxacin (early fluroquinolone)

Study These Flashcards
A

Spectrum:

  • aerobic GN activity
  • poor GP activity (no staph/strep)
24
Q

Respiratory Fluroquinolones (moxifloxacin, levofloxacin)

Study These Flashcards
A

Spectrum:

- better” GP coverate + added gut anaerobe coverage (moxi is broader)

25
Fluroquinolones AEs
AE: occur in ANY part of body - N/V/D - photosensitivity (cipro is WORST) - CNS: HA, dizziness, drowsiness - hepatic (transient risk in LFTs, jaundice) - renal (nephritis) - skin (rash, photosens) - MSK (arthopath, tendinitis, tendon rupture) - CVS (hypoT, tachy, QT prolongation) - endocrine (hypo or hyper glycemia)
26
Metronidazole spectrum
- gut anaerobes ONLY (C. diff & parasites)
27
Sulfonamide-trimethoprim spectrum
Spectrum: - GP (inc MRSA) - GN (H. influ, enterobacter SPICA) What does it lack? - GAS - PsA - anaerobes - enterococcia
28
Fidaxomicin Spectrum
Spectrum: - C. diff - less effect on the fecal microbial (vs vanco)
29
Fidaxomicin MOA
RNA polymerase inhibitor – binds to DNA template – RNA polymerase (RNAP) complex prior to RNAP-DNA complex formation
30
Sulfonamide-Trimethoprim MOA
Block enzyme in bacteria required for synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid (a cofactor needed for bacteria to make the nucleotide bases T, U, G, A)
31
Metronidazole MOA
- activated by microbial proteins flavodxin & feredoxin | - when activated puts nicks in the microbial DNA strands
32
Fluroquinolones MOA
Inhibit bact. DNA synthesis by interacting w/ DNA gyrase & topoisomerase IV
33
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin Tobramycin Amikacin
34
Aminoglycosides MOA
- IRreversably bind 30S ribosomal subunit - may have some activity on cell membrane causing leakage - uptake enhanced w/ exposure of cell-wall active agents (ie PCN)
35
Aminoglycosides Spectrum
What do they add: - GNB: Pseudomonas - MRSA - GN aerobic bacilli What do they lose: *NOT good for GPs or anerobes* -> only GP if given synergistically with beta lactams
36
Aminoglycosides AE
AE: - nephrotoxicity (reversible) – in elderly + on other nephrotoxic drugs - ototoxicity (irreversible)
37
Linezolid (oxazolidinones) MOA
- bind to 50S ribosomal subunit near interface w/ 30S s/u preventing formation of 70S initiation complex - different from other “protein synthesis” inhibitors which inhibit peptidyl transferase or translation-termination rxn
38
Linezolid (oxazolidinones) Spectrum
- only GP organisms including resistant ones - MRSA, VRE Where does it fit? - alt to vanco for MRSA - VRE
39
Linezolid AE
- reversible inhibitor of monamine oxidase - thrombocytopenia - leukopenia - bone marrow suppression w/ prolonged use or other RFs - N.V.D - rash
40
Macrolides
Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin
41
Macrolides MOA
- reversibly binds to 50S ribosomal subunit | - prevents translocation of peptidyl-RNA (incoming tRNA c/n be added & pro synthesis stops)
42
Macrolides AE
- N/V/D (worst for Erythro) - QT-prolongation* (drug interations) - seizures - jaundice - hepatitis - rash (uncommon) - hearing loss (transient)*
43
Macrolides Spectrum
- PCN spectrum PLUS - gram negatives - S. pneumo *30% R in CAN - atypical pneumo organisms (ie legionella) - C & A -> H. influenza Where do they fit? Used if need atypical organism coverage or for STIs/travel
44
Macrolides DI
DI: (macrolides are P45O inhibitor) theophylline, cyclosporine * ERY > CLARI w/ CYP P450 but NONE w/ AZITHRO*
45
Clindamycin MOA
MOA: similar to macrolides - binds to 50S subunit - prevents translocation of pepridyl tRNA from the acceptor site to donor site
46
Clindamycin Spectrum
Coverage: (adds to PCN) - anaerobes - aerobic GPs - most GPs (EXCEPT enterococcus) - PCPs, MRSA - some parasites Gaps in Coverage: - no gram negatives (b/c c/n cross the outer CM) - enterococcus
47
Clindamycin AE
- diarrhea* -> C. difficile - transient ↑ of liver enz - neuromuscular blockade - N/V
48
Tetracyclines
- passively diffuse through pores in CW (GNs) & through inner mem of GPs w/ nrg dependent pump - Reversably binds 30S subunit - binds at site that blocks binding of some AA-charged tRNA to the acceptor site or mRNA comples - chelates cations essential to protein synthesis (Ca, Mg*)
49
Tetracyclines spectrum
Coverage: PCN spec PLUS - GP & GN (similar to macrolides) - atypical organisms (Mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsiae)
50
Tetracyclines AE
- GI - photosensitivity (doxy) - brownish discolouration of teeth - hepatotoxicity - hypersensitivity rxns - drug induced lupus (mino, doxy) - CNS_ dizziness, ataxia, vertigo - fanconi-like syndrome (renal tubular dysfxn) -> w/ outdated product
51
Tigecycline (a tetracycline) spectrum
Coverage: - GPs (inc. MRSA & VRE) - activity vs resistant organisms, b/c bacteriostatic and no bacteremia action so use is limited - atypicals - anaerobes - most GNs - ESBL – E.coli/K.pneumo Gaps in Coverage: - morganella - Pseudomonas - proteus - providencia

Antimicrobial (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions