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Antimicrobials > Antibiotics 2b > Flashcards

Antibiotics 2b Flashcards

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1
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors generally have a (blank) effect by disrupting (blank)?

A

Bacteriostatic effect by disrupting translation (either 30s or 50s)

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2
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit the 30s subunit? (1)

A

Tetracyclines

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3
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit the 50s subunit? (2)

A

Chloramphenicol

Macrolides

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4
Q

Aminoglycosides (6)

A 
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Neomycin
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5
Q

Aminoglycoside spectrum of activity

Static or killer?

A

Broad spectrum of activity

Bactericidal

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6
Q

Aminoglycosides are often combined with which other antibiotic class? Why?

A

Combined with B-lactam

Treat serious Gram negative infections

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7
Q

MOA of aminoglycosides

A

Bind to 30s subunit and disrupt initiation of peptide formation

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8
Q

Key adverse effects of aminoglycosides (2)

A

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

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9
Q

Name the three macrolides

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin

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10
Q

Macrolide spectrum

A

Mostly GRAM + and SOME GRAM -

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11
Q

Macrolides- bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic at LOW CONCENTRATIONS

Bactericidal at HIGH CONCENTRATIONS

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12
Q

MOA of Macrolides

A

50s inhibitors thus preventing ELONGATION

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13
Q

Key adverse effect of macrolides?

Why?

A 
GI UPSET (N/V/D)
Macrolides are motilin receptor agonists
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14
Q

Name 4 Tetracyclines…if you can’t name 1 you go home and slap your face

A

Tetracycline
Minocycline
Tigecycline
Doxycycline

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15
Q

Spectrum of tetracyclines? Static or killer?

A

Broad spectrum that exerts a BACTERIOSTATIC effect

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16
Q

MOA of tetracyclines?

A

30s inhibitors…prevents ELONGATION of peptide chain

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17
Q

Nutrient interaction of tetracyclines? Based on this, which population should avoid these drugs?

A

Binds CALCIUM which results in growth of calcified tissue and turns teeth brown
May not want to use in CHILDREN, TEENAGERS, or PREGNANT WOMEN

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18
Q

Key adverse effects (2) of tetracyclines

A
  1. Disrupts normal flora

2. Photosensitivity

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19
Q

Clindamycin MOA

A

Inhibits the 50s subunit preventing INITIATION COMPLEXES and TRANSPEPTIDATION

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20
Q

Clindamycin spectrum of activity

A

NARROW spectrum
Anaerobic infections, aspiration pneumonia, anaerobic infections
Soft-tissue infections, community acquired MRSA

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21
Q

Key adverse effect of Clindamycin

A

Makes a patient more susceptible to C. diff infection

pseudomembranous colitis

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22
Q

Chloramphenicol spectrum? Static or killer?

A

BROAD spectrum that exerts a BACTERIOSTATIC effect

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23
Q

Chloramphenicol use? (3)

A

Serious infections such as typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever…also eye infections

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24
Q

MOA of chloramphenicol

A

50s subunit inhibitor (prevents translocation)

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25
Key adverse effects (2) of chloramphenicol
RBC production suppression | Gray Baby Syndrome due to glucironic acid conjugation deficiency
26
The only oxazolidinone is...
Linezolid
27
Linezolid spectrum of action
Effective against MOST GRAM + but is NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST FOR MOST GRAM -
28
Linezolid primarily used for
Treating bacterial strains resistant to penicillin, methicillin, and vancomycin
29
MOA of linezolid
50s inhibitor by preventing formation of the ribosomal-fMET-tRNA complex (step 1)
30
Key adverse effect of Linezolid
Myelosuppression
31
Name all classes or protein synthesis inhibitors
``` Aminoglycosides Macrolides Tetracylcines Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Oxazolidinones ```
32
DNA Synthesis Inhibitors--Antifolate Drugs | Sulfonamides (3)
Sulfadiazine Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethizole
33
How are sulfonamides effective?
Bacteria must synthesize their own folate while mammalian cells do not. Sulfonamides block the folate synthesis pathway early one
34
MOA of sulfonamides
Sulfonamides compete with PABA and inhibit dihydropteroate synthase thereby inhibiting dihydrofolic acid synthesis...thereby ending DNA synthesis
35
Resistance to sulfonamides
Bacteria may produce excess PABA and outcompete the sulfonamides
36
Adverse effects of sulfonamides: Skin Urinary Tract
Skin- photosensitivity and STEVEN JOHNSON SYNDROME | Urinary tract: Sulfonamides precipitate in urine which can cause an obstruction
37
Sulfonamide use in UTIs
Sulfonamides DO PRECIPITATE in urine which is why they are good at treating UTIs
38
Trimethoprims (2)
Trimethoprim | Pyrimethamine
39
Spectrum of activity for trimethoprims
GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria
40
Resistance to TMPs
Resistance may occur if there is a change in drug uptake or reduced reductase binding
41
MOA of TMPs
Inhibitor of BACTERIAL DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE resulting in impaired DNA synthesis
42
Key adverse effect of TMPs | Blood-
Myelosuppression
43
TMP-SMX is commonly used to treat (2)
UTIs | Prostatitis
44
MOA of TMP-SMX
Synergistic inhibition activity of DNA synthesis
45
Fluoroquinolones (2)
Ciprofloxacin | Levofloxacin
46
Spectrum of fluoroquinolones
BROAD spectrum against GRAM + and GRAM -
47
Fluoroquinolone uses (5)
``` Urinary GI Respiratory STDs Bioterrorism (anthrax) ```
48
MOA of fluoroquinolones
Specifically INHIBIT TOPOISOMERASE II and TOPOISOMERASE IV
49
Adverse effects of fluroquinolones | GI, nutrient, cardiac
GI: N/V/D Nutrient interaction: bind divalent cations and neither get absorbed Cardiac: QT prolongation
50
Group 1 fluroquinolones (1) and spectrum
Norfloxacin- lease active fluroquinolone
51
Group 2 fluroquinolones (3) and spectrum
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin Works well against GRAM - Some activity against GRAM +
52
Group 3 fluroquinolones (3) and spectrum
Getifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin | Best activity against GRAM +
53
Metronidazole MOA
Not sure really...works well against bacteria and protozoa. | Definitely is a prodrug
54
Metronidazole spectrum
Limited to ANAEROBIC bacteria
55
Metronidazole uses (4)
1. Abdominal infections 2. Vaginal infections 3. C. DIFF 4. Brain abscess
56
Metronidazole key adverse effect
Metabolism- disulfram effect (avoid alcohol)
57
Lipopeptides target the...
Cell membrane
58
Only lipopeptide
Daptomycin
59
Spectrum of daptomycin
GRAM + bacteria
60
Daptomycin uses (3)
1. Complicated skin and soft tissue infections 2. Bacteremia 3. Endocarditis
61
MOA of daptomycin
Binds to and causes depolarization of the MEMBRANE. Ultimately, daptomycin is BACTERICIDAL
62
Key adverse effects of daptomycin (1)
Patient may complain of muscle soreness
63
Detergent targeting cell wall
Polymyxin B
64
Polymyxin B often combined with (blank) to treat (blank)
Combined with bacitracin to skin infections
65
MOA of polymyxin B
Binds to phospholipids in cell membrane and disrupt structure

Antimicrobials (5 decks)

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