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Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of amoxicillin?

A

It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by preventing cross-linking between peptidoglycan chains

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2
Q

What are the indications for amoxicillin?

A
  • gram +ve bacterial infections (streptococcus spp, staphylococcus spp)
  • gram -ve bacterial infections (haemophillus influenzae)
  • helicobacter pylori eradication
  • infective endocarditis prophylaxis prior to dental surgery
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3
Q

What are the contra-indications for amoxicillin?

A

Penicillin hypersensitivity

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4
Q

What are the side effects for amoxicillin?

A

Skin rash
Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting
Candida vaginitis

Rare: anaphylactic shock

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5
Q

What are the interactions of amoxicillin?

A
  • Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP): ⬇️ affectiveness of OCP

- probenecid: ⬇️ amoxicillin excretion

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6
Q

What are the potential cautions with amoxicillin use?

A

Certain strains of bacteria produce Beta-lactamase enzymes witch inactivate amoxicillin

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7
Q

What class of drug is Cephradine?

A

Cephalosporin

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Cephradine?

A

The beta lactation ring structure inhibits bacterial cell wall formation by blocking cross-linking of cell wall structures (peptidoglycan chains)

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9
Q

What are the indications for Cephradine?

A

Infection due to Gram +ve/-ve bacteria

Surgical prophylaxis

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10
Q

What are the contra-indications for Cephradine?

A

Cephalosporin hypersensitivity

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11
Q

What are the side effects of Cephradine?

A

Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting
Antibiotics associated colitis
Abdominal discomfort
Headaches

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12
Q

What are the interactions for Cephradine?

A

OCP: ⬇️ effectiveness of OCP

Probenecid: ⬇️ amoxicillin excretion

Coumarins: ⬆️ anticoagulant effect

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13
Q

What class of drug is trimethoprim?

A

Antifolate antibiotic

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim?

A

⬇️ bacterial folate production by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase
Bacteriostatic as folate essential cofactor in DNA synthesis

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15
Q

What are the indications for using trimethoprim?

A

UTIs (E. Coli, proteus mirabilis)

Prostatitis

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16
Q

What are the contra-indications for using trimethoprim?

A

Pregnancy (tetragenic effects)
Severe renal impairment
Blood disorders (anaemia, thrombocytopenia)

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17
Q

What are the side effects of trimethoprim?

A

Rare: bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, rash, toxic epidermal necrolysis

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18
Q

What are the interactions of trimethoprim?

A
  • cyclosporins: ⬆️ risk of nephrotoxicity

- pyrimethane: ⬆️ antifolate effects

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19
Q

What are the potential cautions with trimethoprim use?

A

Resistance is common

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20
Q

What class of drug is doxycycline?

A

Tetracycline

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of doxycycline (tetracyclines)?

A

Tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic Andrade thought to exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis

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22
Q

What are the indications for using doxycycline (tetracyclines)?

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A 
Chlamydia infections (trachoma, psittacosis, salpingitis, urethritis, PID)
Respiratory/genital mycoplasm infections
Chronic bronchitis exacerbation
Chronic Prostatitis
Syphilis
Malaria prophylaxis and treatment
23
Q

What are the contra-indications for doxycycline?

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A

Tetracycline deposition in bone/teeth

Children

24
Q

What are the side effects of doxycycline?

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A 
Nausea, Vomiting, diarrhoea
Anorexia
Flushing
Tinnitus
Dysphagia
Oesophageal irritation
25
What are the interactions of doxycycline?
- Carbamazepine/Phenytoin: ⬆️ doxycycline metabolism | - methotrexate: ⬆️ methotrexate toxicity
26
What class of drug is Gentamicin?
Aminoglycoside
27
What is the mechanism of action of gentamicin?
Bactericidal antibiotic | Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding irreversibly to 30s subunit of bacterial ribosomes
28
What are the indications for gentamicin?
Serious aerobic Gram-ve infections | Staphylococcal infections
29
What are the contra-indications for gentamicin?
Myasthenia gravis | Pregnancy (can cross placenta and damage foetal CN VIII)
30
What are the side effects of gentamicin?
Hypersensitivity reaction Rare: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, (CNVIII damage)
31
What are the interactions of gentamicin?
- Cyclosporins: potentiates neohrotoxic effects | - Loop diuretics: potentiate neohrotoxic/ototoxic effects
32
What are the special cautions with gentamicin?
- Not usually give. For >10 days due to toxicity risk - Narrow therapeutic index makes drug monitoring essential - can cause grey baby syndrome in Neonates - usually combined with penicillin +/- metronidazole for blind therapy in serious infection
33
What class of drug is erythromycin?
Macrolide
34
What is the mechanism of action of erythromycin?
- broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics | - inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding reversibly to 5s subunit of bacterial ribosomes
35
What are the indications for using erythromycin?
- alternative to penicillin in penicillin allergy - gram +ve (and some gram-ve) infections - mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophilia, chlamydia infections - acne, rosacea
36
What are the contra-indications for using erythromycin?
Liver disease
37
What are the possible side effects of erythromycin?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, Rash Phlebitis Rare: reversible hearing loss, cholestatic jaundice
38
Where is erythromycin metabolised?
In the liver by the cytochrome P450 system
39
What are the interactions of erythromycin?
Inhibits hepatic drug metabolising enzymes (cytochrome P450) - antihistamines: inhibits antihistamine metabolism, ⬆️ risk of cardiac dysthymias - cyclosporin: ⬆️ plasma concentration of cyclosporin - digoxin: enhances effects of digoxin - theophylline: ⬆️ plasma concentration of theophylline - Warfarin: ⬆️ anticoagulant effect
40
What are the cautions of erythromycin?
>14 days of use ⬆️ risk of hepatic damage
41
What class of drug is Ciprofloxacin?
Quinolone
42
What is the mechanism of action of Ciprofloxacin?
- broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotics - inhibits action of bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase, necessary for coiling and replicating bacterial DNA - human cells do not contain DNA gyrase
43
What are the indications for using Ciprofloxacin?
- Gram - ve infections (salmonella spp, pseudomonas spp, campylobacter spp, neisseria spp, E. coli, haemophillus influenzae) - some Gram +ve infections
44
What are the contra-indications for using Ciprofloxacin?
Pregnancy Children Cautions: epilepsy (lowers seizure threshold)
45
What are the possible side effects of Ciprofloxacin?
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea Rare: insomnia, confusion, convulsions
46
What are the interactions of Ciprofloxacin?
- Cyclosporin: ⬆️ risk of nephrotoxicity - theophylline: ⬆️ risk of convulsions - warfarin: ⬆️ anticoagulant effects
47
What is Ciprofloxacin used for clinically?
UTIs Respiratory & GI tract infections Gonorrhoea Septicaemia Bacterial resistance may arise via DNA gyrase mutation
48
What class of drug is metronidazole?
Anaerobic antimicrobial
49
What is the ,echo ism of action of metronidazole?
- bactericidal antibiotic - broken down to toxic compounds within microbes with anaerobic/microaerophillic metabolism - toxic compounds kill microbes by interfering with nucleic acid function and synthesis
50
What are the indications for metronidazole?
- Anaerobic Protozoal infections - helicobacter pylori eradication - rosacea - pseudomembranosuscolitis - commonly used to treat dental infections
51
What are the cautions for using metronidazole?
Pregnancy Breastfeeding Hepatic impairment
52
What are the possible side effects of metronidazole?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea Anorexia Rare: anaphylaxis, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, metallic taste in mouth
53
What are the interactions of metronidazole?
- Alcohol: causes disulfiram-like reaction (flushing abdo pain, hypotension) - phenytoin: ⬆️ plasma concentration of phenytoin by inhibiting metabolism - warfarin: ⬆️ anticoagulant effect by inhibiting metabolism
54
What class of drug is amoxicillin?
Broad spectrum bactericidal penicillin

Drugs AJL (7 decks)

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