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Patho Pharm > Antibiotics- 38 > Flashcards

Antibiotics- 38 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Antiseptics

A

Inhibits growth of microorganisms

- applied to living tissue

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2
Q

Disinfectant

A

Kills microorganism

- used on non living objects

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3
Q

Empiric Therapy

A

Treatment of infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained

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4
Q

Definitive Therapy

A

antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organisms identified with culture

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5
Q

Prophylactic Therapy

A

treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection when there is a high possibility of microbial contamination

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6
Q

Therapeutic response

A

Decreased signs and symptoms of infection

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7
Q

Subtherapeutic response

A

Signs and symptoms of infection do not imporove

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8
Q

Superinfection

A

Occurs when antibiotics redue or completely eliminate normal flora (C diff, Vaginal yeast)

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9
Q

Symptoms of anaphylaxis (8)

A
  • Itching
  • Flushing
  • Hives & Rash
  • Wheezing bronchospasms
  • Anxiety
  • Hypotension
  • Swelling of tongue/throat (respiratory arrest)
  • Fast, irregular HR, Cardiac Arrest
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10
Q

Do not administer oral antibiotics with.. (5)

A 
Antacids
Calcium supplements
Iron Products 
Laxative containing magnesium 
some antilipemic drugs
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11
Q

When can hypersensitivity occur?

A
  • Up to 30 min after administration
  • 1-72 Hours after administration
  • > 72 hours after administration
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12
Q

Most common adverse effects

A

Nausea, Vomiting and Diarrhea

-Absorbed better if taken with at least 6-8 ounces of water

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13
Q

Examples of Sulfonamides

A
  • Bactrim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)

- Septra (or co trimoxazole)

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14
Q

Sulfonamides mechanism of Action

A

Bacteriostatic

-Prevents synthesis of folic acid (DNA)

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15
Q

Sulfonamides: Indication

A
  • Effective against both gram + and gram -
  • Treatment of UTI
  • Upper respiratory tract infections
  • Opportunistic infections in patients with HIV (prophylaxis & treatment)
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16
Q

Sulfonamides: Contraindication

A
  • Drug allergy (Sulfa allergy)
  • (Chemically related drugs are generally considered safe in patients with an allergy)
  • Typically cause a delayed cutaneous reactions–> 1. reactions begin w/ fever 2. Rash (mild to severe)
  • *Do not use cyclo-oxygenase- 2 inhibitor celecoxib (celebrex)**
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17
Q

Sulfonamides: Adverse Effects (integumentary,Blood)

A

Integumentary- photosensitivity (severe sunburn), exfoliative dermatitis, Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), epidermal necrolysis

Blood- Hemolytic and aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia

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18
Q

Sulfonamides: Adverse Effects (GI, other)

A

GI: nausea, vomiting, diarhhea, pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity

Other: Convulsion, crystalluria*, headache, peripheral, neuritis, urticaria, cough

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19
Q

Sulfonamides: Interactions

A
  • Reduces the efficacy of oral contraceptives
  • Potentiates the anticoagulation effects of warfarin
  • Potentiate the toxic effects of phenytoin
  • Potentiate hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas in diabetic treatment
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20
Q

Sulfonamides: Implementation

A

-Take with 2-3 L of fluid/24hr
-Take oral dose with food
-Instruct patients to report:
worsening abdominal cramps/stomach pain
Diarrhea
Blood in the urine
Rash: severe or worsening
SOB
Fever

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21
Q

Penicillin combonations

A

Unasyn (Ampicillin +subactam)
Augmentin (Amoxicillin +ckavulanic acid)
Timentin (Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid)
Zosyn (Piperacillin +tazobactam)

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22
Q

Penicillin: Mechanism of Action

A

Interfere with normal cell wall synthesis

-Bacteria cells die from cell lysis (rupture)

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23
Q

Penicillin: Indication

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Prevention and treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria
  • Most natural Pn have little effect on gram-negative bacteria
  • Extended-spectrum penicillin have excellent g+,g- and anaerobic coverage
24
Q

Penicillin: Contraindications

Study These Flashcards
A

-Only contraindication is known allergy

25
Penicillin: Adverse Effects
-Cross reactivity between penicillin and cephalosproin is between 1% and 4% -commonL N/V/D, taste alteration , Urticaria, pruritus & angioedema Idiosyncratic: -Maculopapular eruptions, eosinophilia, SJS, Exfoliative dermititis Anaphylactic reaction
26
Penicillin: Interactions
``` NSAIDS: -increases free and active penicillin -May be beneficial Oral Contraceptives: -decrease efficacy of contraceptive Warfarin: -Enhanced anticoagulation effect ```
27
Penicillin: Implementation
-Take oral doses with 6 oz of water (not juices) If anaphylactic reaction to penicillin: -stop infusion -Epinephrine & other emergency drugs used as ordered -Supportive treatment (O2) at all times -Procain& Benzathine are thick (21 G needle) -IM imipenem/cilastatin can be mixed with *Plain* lidocain (given in large muscle mass) *Monitor patient taking penicillin for alergic reaction for at least 30 min after administration
28
Cephalosporins: Mechanism of Action
- Bactericidal action - Broad Spectrum - Not active against fungi and viruses - injectable drugs produce higher serum concentraions
29
Cephalosporins: Indications (First Generation)
- Good Gram POSITIVE - Poor Gram NEGATIVE - Used for prohylaxis and susceptible infections - parenteral and PO forms
30
Cephalosporins: Indications (Second Generation)
- Good gram POSITIVE - Better gram NEGATIVE than 1st generation - Anaerobic coverage found ONLY in 2nd generation
31
Cephalosporins: Indications (Third generation)
-Most potent group against gram- negative bacteria * IV & IM only, long half life, once-a-day dosing * Easily passes meninges and diffused into CSF
32
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
- Third generation cephalosporin * IV & IM only, long half life, once-a-day dosing * Easily passes meninges and diffused into CSF * treats CNS infections (Meningitis) * Drug is metabolized in the intestine after biliary excretion * *do not give to patients with live function
33
Cephalosporin: Indications (Fourth generation)
-Broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than third generation, especially against g+
34
Cefepime (Maxipime)
- Fourth generation Cephalosporin * Injectable form only * UTI * uncomplicated skin infections * Pneumonia
35
Cephalosporin: Indications (Fifth generation)
- Newest - Efective agianst wide variety - MRSA, Community acquired pneumonia
36
Cephalosporins: Contradictions
- PAtients who have shown hypersensitivity to ceph | - Patient with serious anaphylactic reaction to PCN should NOT be given cephalosporins
37
Cephalosporins: Adverse Effects
- Simliar to PNC | - Mild diarrhea, cramps, rash, pruritus, redness, edema
38
Cephalosporins: Interactions
* *ETHANOL** - Antiacids, iron (decreases absorption) - Oral contraceptives
39
Cephalosporins: Assessment:
- Assess for PCN allergy:may have cross alergy | - GI disease (May predisose the patient to colitis)
40
Cephalosporins: IMplementaion
- Given orally with food to decrease GI upset - ALCOHOL SHOULD BE AVOIDED - avoid antacids
41
Carbapenems
- broadest antibiotic to date - reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections * *May cause drug-induced seizure activity (Risk reduced with proper dosage with impaired patients - All given parenterally - Risk of cross allergy with PCN
42
Carbapenems: Indications
-Used for treatment of bone, joint, skin and soft tissue infections
43
Carbapenems: Assessment
Assess for PCN allergy | -Presences of seizure disorder
44
Carbapenems: Implementation
MUST BE INFUSED OF 60 MINUTES | -monitor for seizure activity
45
Macrolides: MOA
- Prevents protien syntesis | - Bacteriostatic
46
Macrolides: Indications
- Strep infections - Mild to moderated URI, LRI - Spriochetal infections (shyphilis and lyme) - Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma
47
Macrolides: Contradictions
- Drug Allergy | * Alertnative drug for patient with allergies to beta-lactam antibiotics
48
Macrolides: Adverse Effects
``` GI effects (Primarily with erythromycin) -Most common V/D ```
49
Macrolides: Interactions
- Cyclosporines, digoxin, theophylline, warfarin (Enhanced effects and possible toxicity) - Oral contraceptive failure
50
Tetracyclines: MOA
- Inhibits protein sythn - Bacteriostatic * strong affinity and ability to bind to calcium and magnesium to form insoluble complexes
51
Tetracyclines: Indications
- Wide spectrum | - alternative for patients with PCN allergy
52
Tetracyclines: Contraindications
- Allergy | - Pregnant women, nursing women, children under 8
53
Tetracyclines: Adverse Effects
- Strong affinity for clalcium - discoloration of perm teeth - abnormal tooth enamel in both fetus and children - possible abnormal fetal skel development * Photosensitivity, coagulation irregularities, exacerbation of lupus
54
Tetracyclines: Interactions
- Oral abosroption is decreased by .... - Potentiates the affects of anticoagulates - Antagonizes oral contraceptive
55
Tetracyclines: Implementation
- 6-8 oz of fluid - no calcium, mg, iron - avoid milk - do not eat interacting food 2 hours before or 3 hours after - photosensitive (sunscreen)

Patho Pharm (2 decks)

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