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Antibiotics Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Bactericidal meaning

A

Kills bacteria

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2
Q

Bacteriostatic meaning

A

Prevents bacterial growth

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3
Q

What do antibiotics work on?

A

The bacterial cell wall, the bacterial DNA and the bacterial ribosome

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4
Q

What antibiotics work on the cell wall?

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins and glycopeptides

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5
Q

Name the penicillins

A

Penicillin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin, temocillin, co-amoxiclav and piperacillin

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6
Q

Name a cephalosporin

A

Ceftriaxone

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7
Q

Name 2 glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin, Teicoplanin

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8
Q

What are the majority of gram positive cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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9
Q

How do the penicillins work?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross linking of the peptidoglycan subunits

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10
Q

How are penicillins excreted

A

By the kidneys, rapidly

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11
Q

What are the 3 forms of penicillin?

A

Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), Phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V), Benzathine penicillin

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12
Q

Tell me more about Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)

A

Original form, narrow spectrum, can be destroyed by stomach acid, still useful against anaerobes

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13
Q

Tell me more about Phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V)

A

Newer, resistant to stomach acid

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14
Q

Tell me more about Benzathine penicillin

A

Long acting, IM

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15
Q

Tell me about flucloxacillin

A

Gram positive, very narrow spectrum, staph and strep, IV or oral

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16
Q

What is fluclox ineffective against?

A

MRSA

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17
Q

Tell me about amoxicillin

A

Gram positive and negative, IV or oral, broad spectrum

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18
Q

Amoxicillin can be used along side clarithromycin to treat what?

A

H pylori stomach ulcers

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19
Q

Tell me about Co - amoxiclav

A

IV or oral, gram positive and negative, very broad spectrum

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20
Q

Tell me about Tazocin/ Piperacillin

A

Huge spectrum, nearly all, not MRSA

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21
Q

Tell me about Temocillin

A

Gram negative, only active against coliforms, E. Coli

Active against extended spectrum beta lactamase producing organisms

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22
Q

Tell me about the cephalosporins

A

Broad spectrum, excreted via kidneys, kill off normal flora and can lead to C dif - limited use

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23
Q

How do cephalosporins act on the bacterial cell wall?

Study These Flashcards
A

They disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cells walls, which causes the wall to break down

24
Q

Tell me about the glycopeptides

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A

Excreted via the kidneys, active against gram positive cocci.

25
Name a glycopeptide
Vancomycin
26
How do glycopeptides work
They bind to the end of the growing pentapeptide chain during peptidoglycan synthesis. Preventing cross linking and weakening the bacterial cell wall
27
What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis - act on the bacterial ribosome
Macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, clindamycin and chloramphenicol
28
Name the macrolides
Erythromycin, Clarythromycin, azithromycin - bacteriostatic
29
Name a tetracyclines
Doxycycline - bacteriostatic
30
Name an amino glycoside and tell me about it
Gentamicin - binding to the ribosome is lethal - not absorbed from the gut, acts mainly against gram negative aerobic organisms - excreted via kidneys
31
Tell me about macrolides
Excreted via liver, lipophilic (can pass through cell membranes easily)
32
Tell me about aminoglycosides
Bactericidal, active against gram negative aerobic organisms (coliforms and pseudomonas) Excreted via kidneys Can damage kidneys and CN 8 (deafness and dizziness)
33
What antibiotics act on bacterial DNA
Metronidazole, Trimethoprim, Fluoroquinolones
34
Tell me about metronidazole
Oral or IV, causes bacterial DNA strand breakage, used to treat anaerobic and some protozoal infections
35
Tell me about Trimethoprim
Oral, inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis Can be given with sulphamethoxazole as co-trimoxazole (Septrin) Used against some gram positive and gram negative Excreted via kidneys
36
What are the fluoroquinolones and tell me about them
Ciprofloxacin (IV or oral) Levofloxacin (IV) They are bactericidal Restricted use in Tayside --> C dif Excreted in urine
37
What are the side effects of antibiotics?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea Many affect the absorption of oral contraceptives Ciprofloxacin --> Tendonitis Metronidazole - interacts with alcohol
38
What antibiotics are avoided?
Cephalosporins, Co - amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin
39
What organisms are Gram positive
Clostridium Spp, Streptococus Sp, Enterococcus spp, Staph aureus, MRSA
40
What organisms are gram negative?
Bacteroides Spp, Haemophilus Influenzae, Neisseria spp, E coli (coliforms)
41
How do we classify strep
Haemolysis Alpha - partial Beta - complete Gamma - none
42
What does strep pnuemoniae cause?
Pneumonia and meningitis
43
What does strep viridians cause?
Endocarditis
44
Beta strep - group A strep causes what?
Tonsilitis, scarlet fever, necrotising fasciitis
45
Non haemolytic strep is what?
Enterococci
46
What test is used to distinguish between staph
Coagulase test
47
In infection what happens to the blood volume?
It decreases as more fluid leaks into the tissues, the heart then has to work harder
48
What is released from gram negative bacterial cell walls when they die?
Lipopolysaccharides
49
What is the first line antibiotic for anaerobic infections
Metronidazole
50
Describe Spirochaetes
Spiral shaped, dont stain
51
What are the mechanisms of bacterial resistance
Production of enzymes to destroy the antibiotics Altered antibiotic binding sites Alteration of cell wall porins Up regulation of efflux pumps (antibiotic being removed from the cell before it has time to act)
52
Exotoxin is mainly produced by what?
Gram positive organisms
53
Endotoxin is mainly produced by what?
Gram negatives
54
What structure does candida have?
Large gram positive oval structures
55
What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants?
Rotavirus
56
What are the coliforms?
E.Coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus
57
Staph, strep, entero and MRSA are sensitive to what?
Vancomycin

Antibiotics (3 decks)

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