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Intro. to Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

A patient complains of a side effect from the antibiotics he/she is taking. What should you do next?

A
  1. Report findings on patient’s chart

2. Consult with physician with findings

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2
Q

What is the sole use of antibiotics?

A

To kill or prevent bacterial growth

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3
Q

Why must patients take their full dosage of antibiotics and for the given length of time it is prescribed?

A

To prevent antibacterial resistance

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4
Q

Describe Empiric Therapy

A

The administration of antibiotics before the infecting bacteria is known

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5
Q

What is a superbug?

A

Any bacteria or organism that is resistant to antibiotics and other medications

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6
Q

Describe clinical response

A

Clinical response is when a pt’s symptoms are alleviated from the use of medications

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7
Q

Describe biological response

A

A biological response is when the invading organism is being reduced in number and eventually erradicated

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8
Q

What is normal flora?

A

Normal flora is the body’s naturally occurring bacteria that aids in keeping the body in homeostasis. This flora is considered healthy.

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9
Q

What impact does antibiotics have on normal flora?

A

Alters the balance of the flora and can cause an opportunistic infection

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10
Q

What is vaginal candidiasis?

A

A yeast infection of the vagina

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11
Q

What type of infection occurs with vaginal candidiasis?

A

Opportunistic infection

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12
Q

Describe an opportunistic infection and give an example

A

An opportunistic infection is when an organism takes the advantage of an opportunity not normally available. Such as when the host is immunocompromised. An example is vaginal candidiasis.

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13
Q

Which group of drugs has the highest rate of adverse reactions?

A

Sulfonamides

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14
Q

What is the most common type of reaction to sulfonamides?

A

Rash

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15
Q

Describe “Steven Johnson Rash”

A

A body-wide rash that can become fatal. This rash does not occur in the palms or soles of the feet.

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16
Q

What is the main use for sulfonamides?

A

UTI’s

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17
Q

Referring to the list below, if a patient is allergic to C, what other sulfonamides is this patient allergic to?

A. Bactrim
B. sulfasalazine
C. sulfisoxazole
D. Septra
A

If the patient is allergic to C- sulfisoxazole, the patient is allergic to all other sulfonamides.

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18
Q

What is the brand name for sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim?

A

Bactrim

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19
Q

What is another brand name for sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim other than Bactrim?

A

Septra

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20
Q

Referring to sulfonamides, what is another brand name/ manufacture for Septra that is commonly used?

A

Bactrim

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21
Q

What is the generic name for Septra/ Bactrim

A

sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim

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22
Q

What is the brand name for sulfasalazine?

A

Azulfidine

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23
Q

What is the generic name for Azulfidine?

A

sulfasalazine

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24
Q

What is the brand name of sulfisoxazole

A

Gantrisin

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25
Q

What is the generic name of Gantrisin?

A

Sulfasoxazole

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26
Q

What type of antibiotic is sulfonamides?

A

Broad spectrum

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27
Q

What is the brand name of nitrofurantoin?

A

Macrodantin

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28
Q

What is the generic name of Macrobid?

A

nitrofurantoin

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29
Q

True/false

If a pt. has never had a reaction to antibiotics he/she will not develop a reaction.

A

False. Antibiotic reactions can occur at any age and at random

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30
Q

What are the two drugs of choice for pt’s who have a sulfa allergy?

A

Cipro/ciprofloxacin and Macrodantin/nitrofurantoin

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31
Q

What is the side effect of using nitrofurantoin/ Macrodantin?

A

Urine can become brown in pigment

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32
Q

Should nitrofurantoin/ Macrodantin be taken with food?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What is the brand name for ciprofloxacin?

A

Cipro

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34
Q

What is the generic name of Cipro?

A

ciprofloxacin

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35
Q

Should penicillin drugs be taken with food?

A

No

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36
Q

Which penicillin drug can be taken with food?

A

amoxicillin

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37
Q

Which exposure causes the most likely cause of a reaction when using antibiotics?

A. First exposure
B. Fifth exposure
A

B. Fifth exposure

Repeated exposure to antibiotics increases the chance of reaction

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38
Q

What interaction does alcohol have on penicillin drugs?

A

Renders penicillin drugs useless.

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39
Q

Which type of medication must be taken with food, as discussed in class?

A

All NSAIDS must be taken with food.

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40
Q

What negative physiological effect do NSAIDS have if not taken with food?

A

Peptic ulcers can form over time

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41
Q

What type of antibiotic is the following drugs?

A. dicloxacillin/ Dycil
B. ticarcillin
C. amoxicillin- clavulanate/ Augmentin
A

Antibiotic resistant penicillins

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42
Q

What is the brand name of dicloxacillin

A

Dycil

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43
Q

Name a commonly used extended-spectrum pinicillin

A

ticarcillin

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44
Q

What is the brand name of amoxicillin-clavulanate?

A

Augmentin

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45
Q

What is the generic name of Augmentin?

A

amoxicillin-clavulanate

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46
Q

Which sulfonamide can stain contact lenses?

A

sulfasalazine/ Azulfidine

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47
Q

What is recommended to take along with any antibiotic?

A

Water

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48
Q

Does alcohol only affect penicillin medications?

A

No, it can affect all medications

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49
Q

How is penicillin G administered?

A

By injection/ IM

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50
Q

How is penicillin V(K) administered?

A

PO

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51
Q

What is the abbreviation for penicillin?

A

PCN

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52
Q

How is IM/IV medications measured?

A

In units

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53
Q

What is the drug of choice for STD’s?

A

penicillin

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54
Q

What is the drug of choice for lower respiratory infections?

A

penicillin

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55
Q

Should penicillins be taken with food? Are there any exceptions?

A

Penicillins should not be taken with food, only amoxicillin can be taken with food

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56
Q

What are the typical reactions associated with penicillin medications?

A

Moderate to severe

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57
Q

What is the drug of choice for children?

A

Amoxicillin

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58
Q

What is the generic name of Principen?

A

ampicillin

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59
Q

Which of the penicillins was used as a way to test for “Mono?”

A

ampicillin

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60
Q

What side effects are associated with penicillin?

A

n/v, diarrhea, rash, edema, “furry tongue”

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61
Q

What intervention should be done stat for a pt. who has a reaction to penicillin

A

Taken off of the penicillin regemin immediately

62
Q

What % chance does a pt. have of being allergic to cephalosporins if they are allergic to penicillin?

A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 10%
A

D. 10%

63
Q

What are the two typical signs of infection

A

Fever equal to or

64
Q

What do all antibiotics, anti-virals, and anti-fungals have in common in regards to females?

A

Affects the efficacy of birth control

65
Q

What is penicillinase?

A

An enzyme that can inactivate the effects of penicillin, rendering it useless

66
Q

What penicillin based antibiotic is used for penicillinase producing bacteria?

A

dicloxacillin/ Dycil

67
Q

What type of infections do cephalosporins treat?

A

Nosocomial and community acquired infections

68
Q

How many generations do cephalosporins have?

A

Four generations

69
Q

Name a 1st generation cephalosporin

A

cephalexin/ Keflex

70
Q

What is the brand name of cephalexin?

A

Keflex

71
Q

What is the generic name of Keflex?

A

cephalexin

72
Q

Which cephalosporin is the drug of choice for skin infections?

A

cephalexin/ Keflex

73
Q

Name a second generation cephalosporin

A

cefaclor/ Ceclor

74
Q

What is the brand name of cefaclor?

A

Ceclor

75
Q

What is the generic name of Ceclor?

A

cefaclor

76
Q

Name two common 3rd generation cephalosporins

A

cefixime/ Suprax

ceftriaxone/ Rocephin

77
Q

What is the brand of cefixime?

A

Suprax

78
Q

What is the generic of Suprax?

A

cefixime

79
Q

What is the generic of Rocephin

A

ceftriaxone

80
Q

What is the brand of ceftriaxone?

A

Rocephin

81
Q

List three other 3rd generation cephalosporins, other than Suprax and Rocephin

A

Fortaz, Claforan, and Omnicef

82
Q

What is the rule of thumb for cefixime/ Suprax administration by IM?

A

1cc above waist

Above 3cc below waist

83
Q

What was the first cephalosporin to be made for PO administration?

A

cefixime/ Suprax

84
Q

What type of administration is ceftriaxone/ Rocephin?

A

Injection

85
Q

What can ceftriaxone/ Rocephin be mixed with, when injecting into a pt.?

A

Sterile water or lidocaine

86
Q

If a pathogen is resistant to penicillin, which cephalosporin is the drug of choice for gonorrhea?

A

ceftriaxone/ Rocephin

87
Q

Which of the cephalosporins is generally a good broad spectrum antibiotic?

A

ceftriaxone/ Rocephin

88
Q

What three things should drugs be hidden from?

A

Kids, pets, and non-compliant pt’s

89
Q

What is the best place to store medications in a house? Why?

A

Bedroom. Low humidity and a more controlled environment

90
Q

What are tetracyclines the drug of choice for?

A

Acne vulgaris and infectious diarrhea

91
Q

What happens to tetracyclines after the expiration date?

A

Turns toxic

92
Q

What group of antibiotics turns toxic after the expiration date?

A

Tetracyclines

93
Q

Should dairy products be consumed with tetracyclines?

A

No

94
Q

Are antiacids ok to consume with tetracyclines?

A

No

95
Q

Should sun exposure be limited when taking tetracyclines?

A

Yes

96
Q

What major effect does tetracyclines have on fetus’s

A

Permanently discolors the teeth. Baby and Adult teeth

97
Q

What age group should not be given tetracyclines?

A

0-12 y/o

98
Q

Should macrolides be taken with milk?

A

Yes

99
Q

What is the drug of choice for Upper Respiratory Infections?

A

Macrolides

100
Q

What was the first developed macrolide?

A

erythromycin

101
Q

Are macrolides considered safe?

A

Yes

102
Q

What are ketolides mainly used for?

A

pneumonia

103
Q

What is the most common side effect of ketolides?

A

blurred vision/ impaired ability to focus vision

104
Q

What is the drug of choice for UTI’s, prostitis, gonorrhea, and infectious diarrhea?

A

Quinolones

105
Q

doxycycline is what type of medication?

A

tetracycline

106
Q

minocycline is what type of medication?

A

tetracycline

107
Q

Name three tetracycline medications

A

tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline

108
Q

What is the brand of azithromycin

A

Zithromax

109
Q

what is the generic of Zithromax?

A

azithromycin

110
Q

what is the brand of clarithromycin?

A

Biaxin

111
Q

what is the generic of Biaxin

A

clarithromycin

112
Q

erythromycin is what type of antibiotic?

A

Macrolide

113
Q

azithromycin/ Zithromax and clarithromycin/ Biaxin are what kind of antibiotics?

A

Macrolides

114
Q

What is a common ketolide?

A

Ketek

115
Q

What is the brand of ciprofloxacin

A

Cipro

116
Q

what is the generic of Cipro

A

ciprofloxacin

117
Q

what is the brand of levofloxacin

A

Levaquin

118
Q

What is the generic of Levaquin

A

levofloxacin

119
Q

What age group is Cipro not given to?

A

Anyone under age 18

120
Q

Why do athletes and pt’s under the age of 18 not get a prescription for Cipro?

A

Effects cartilage

121
Q

What is the drug of choice for UTI’s caused by catheters?

A

Levaquin

122
Q

Can a pt. drink milk or take antiacids when taking Quinolones?

A

No

123
Q

What body system is affected by quinolones?

A

Central nervous system

124
Q

What are aminoglycosides used for?

A

The worst bacterial infections

125
Q

Is aminoglycosides a drug of choice?

A

No

126
Q

What two toxic categories is aminoglycoside?

A

Odotoxic and nephrotoxic

127
Q

Define odotoxic

A

toxicity to the eyes

128
Q

Define nephrotoxic

A

Toxic to the kidneys

129
Q

What route is the most effective when using aminoglycosides?

A

IV

130
Q

How is the administration of aminoglycosides measured?

A

Peak and trough blood test

131
Q

Are aminoglycosides injected peripherally or central?

A

Centrally through a PIC line or other central line

132
Q

What happens if a aminoglycoside is given peripherally?

A

phlebitis

133
Q

What is the most effective aminoglycoside?

A

gentamicin

134
Q

What is a common side effect of aminoglycoside administration?

A

Heart palpitations

135
Q

True or false is vancomycin a aminoglycoside?

A

False

136
Q

Does vancomycin act like an aminoglycoside?

A

Yes

137
Q

What is vancomycin commonly used for?

A

c-diff

138
Q

What syndrome is associated with vancomycin therapy?

A

Red man syndrome

139
Q

What is the drug of choice for bone infections?

A

clindamycin/ Cleocin

140
Q

Other than bone infections what else is clindamycin/ Cleocin used for?

A

Acne vulgaris

141
Q

What is meant when a medication is called an adjunct medication?

A

Used with another medication at the same time

142
Q

What is metronidazole/ Flagyl commonly used for?

A

clamydia

143
Q

What medication leaves a metallic taste in the mouth?

A

metronidazole/ Flagyl

144
Q

What is an antabuse reaction?

A

Body reacting negatively to alcohol consumption

145
Q

What medication is associated with an antabuse reaction?

A

metronidazole/ Flagyl

146
Q

What bodily cycle is stopped in an antabuse reaction?

A

kreb cycle

147
Q

Should alcohol be consumed when taking metronidazole/ Flagyl? What is the reaction called?

A

No, antabuse reaction

148
Q

What is amphotericin B mainly used for?

A

Bad fungal infections

149
Q

Which drug is associated with “swish and swallow”

A

nystatin

150
Q

What medication is used on ginetial herpes and shingles?

A

acyclovir

Intro. to Pharmacology (3 decks)

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