Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Erica Pharm 2 Exam > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 4 MOA’s of antibacterials?

A
  1. inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
  2. inhibitors of translation and transcription
  3. inhibition of DNA synthesis
  4. inhibitors of folate synthesis and function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some abx that act as inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta-lactams penicillins
Cephalosporins
glycopeptides: Vanco
TB meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some abx that act as inhibitors of translation and transcription?

A 
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Clindamycin
Oxazolidinones
Aminoglycosides
Spectinomycin
TB meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What abx act as inhibitors of DNA syntheses/integrity as well as folate synthesis and function?

A

sulfonamides, Trimethoprim

Quinolones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MOA for bactericidal abx’s

A

generally inhibition of cell wall synthesis

  • time-dependent killing: serum level above MIC (i.e. beta-lactams and vanco)
  • concentration-dependent killing: higher drug concentration determines rate and extent of killing (aminoglycosides and quinolones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MOA of bacteriostatic abx’s

A

generally inhibition of protein synthesis

- i.e. Tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the post-antibiotic effect?

A

Persistent suppression of bacterial growth after limited exposure to an antimicrobial agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which drugs need a dosage adjustment for renal impairment?

A 
aminoglycosides
carbapenems
cephalosporins
penicillins
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
vancomycin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drugs are contraindicated in renal impairment?

A

Nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides (long-acting), tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What drugs need a dosage adjustment in hepatic impairment?

A

Chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin (Z-pack), metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which Penicillins are considered narrow spectrum?

A

Peniciilinase-susceptible –> Penicillin G and Penicillin VK

Penicillinase-resistant –> Nafcillin and Oxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which Penicillins are considered wider spectrum?

A 
\+/- penicillinase inhibitor:
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Piperacillin
Ticarcillin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What additional microorganisms are covered by amoxicillin but not by penicillin?

A

H. influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PK of Penicillin

A

rapid renal elimination

Biliary clearance - ampicillin, nafacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the ADE’s of Penicillin?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions (~5-6% incidence)

Maculopapular rash - ampicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical uses for narrow and wider spectrum penicillins?

A

Narrow: strept, staph, meningococcal, syphilis

Wider: greater activity vs. gram-neg bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List examples of medications in the 5 generations of Cephalosporins.

A 
1st -- Cephalexin
2nd -- Cefuroxime
3rd -- Ceftriaxone and Cefixime
4th -- Cefipime
5th -- Ceftaroline

[1st narrow —-> 5th broader]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PK of Cephalosporins

A

3rd generation drugs enter the CNS

renal elimination (aka dosage adjustment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the ADE’s of Cephalosporins?

A
  • assume complete cross-reactivity b/t cephalosporins
  • 1st generation partial cross-reactivity w/penicillins
  • Hypersensitivity rxn’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cephalosporin is NOT given to newborns and why?

A

Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) bc it is cleared by the biliary tract –> elevated bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the clinical applications for each generation of Cephalosporins?

A

1st – skin, soft tissue, UTI
2nd – S. pneumo, H. influenza, B. fragilis (cefotetan)
3rd – pneumonia, meningitis, gonorrhea, broad activity, beta-lactamase stable
4th – psuedomonas coverage
5th – skin, soft tissue, CAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which generation of cephalosporins cross react w/ Penicillins?

A

1st generation

- may be linked to side chain in common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which generations of cephalosporins can usu. be given safely to Penicillin allergic patients?

A

2nd, 3rd, 4th, maybe 5th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are examples and ADE’s of Carbapenems?

A

Imipenem-cilastatin (Primaxin)
- also Doripenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem
ADE’s: CNS effects include confusion and seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Clinical application of Carbapenems?
Broad spectrum activity: Penicillin-resistant Strep pneumo, gram-neg rods, pseudomonas
26
Which beta-Lactam does not have a cross allergenicity w/other beta-lactams, and is only active against 3 gram negative bacteria? Name these bacteria.
Monobactams - active against Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, serratia
27
ADE's for Monobactams
CNS - headache and vertigo
28
Glycoproteins include which drugs?
*Vancomycin* Dalbavancin Oritavancin Telavancin (HA- bacterial pneumo)
29
What are the clinical applications for Vancomycin?
Gram-positive activity covers MRSA and PRSP (penicillin-resist strep pneumo) strains
30
PK for glycopeptides (Vanco)?
- parental for systemic infections - Oral vancomycin for C. diff colitis (an IV dose will NOT work!) - renal elimination
31
What are toxicities of glycopeptides?
- Red-neck or red man syndrome --> erythematous rash on face and upper body - infusion rate related - rare nephrotoxicity
32
____ is a Lipopeptide w/activity against MSSA & MRSA w/ ____ as a unique toxicity.
Daptomycin | Myopathy - monitor CPK weekly
33
Clinical applications of Lipopeptides
Gram positive activity - Endocarditis and sepsis - Off-labeled uses: Osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infections - MSSA and MRSA coverage
34
What are Tetracyclines agents and what's included on its activity spectrum?
DOXYCYCLINE, tetracycline, minocycline, tigecycline anthrax, chlamydial, mycoplasma, rickettsiae spirochetes, H. pylori
35
ADE's for Tetracycline
GI upset, deposition in developing bones and teeth, photosensitivity
36
What can you treat w/ Tetracycline?
acne, CAP, bronchitis, cellulitis, lyme disease, periodontitis
37
What are Macrolide agents and ADE's?
AZITHROMYCIN, erythromycin, clarithromycin ADE's: GI upset, hepatic dysfunction, QT elongation, CYP450 inhibition (NOT azithro)
38
Activity spectrum for Macrolides?
CAP, Pertussis, Corynebacteria (Diphtheria), Chlamydial
39
Lincosamides: agent, activity spectrum, and ADE's?
agent: Clindamycin spectrum: skin, soft tissue infections, anaerobic infections ADE's: can cause C. difficile colitis
40
Chloramphenicol activity spectrum
- treatment of serious infection d/t organisms resistant to less toxic abx - bacteroides, H. influenza, salmonella, meningitides, rickettsia - active against many vancomycin-resistant enterococci
41
ADE's of Chloramphenicol
dose-related anemia (monitor CBC), gray baby syndrome | risk: serum levels >50mcg, patients w/impaired hepatic or renal function
42
Oxazolidinone: agent, activity spectrum, and ADE's?
Linezolid activity: MRSA, PRSP, VRE strains ADE's: dose related anemia, neuropathy, optic neuritis, SSRI's
43
Aminoglycoside agents
``` GENTAMICIN Tobramycin Amikacin Streptomycin Neomycin ```
44
Aminoglycoside ADE's
Nephrotoxicity (reversible) Ototoxicity (irreversible) Neuromuscular blockade
45
Aminoglycoside activity spectrum
aerobic gram negatives, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, Shigella species Often used in combo w/ beta-lactams
46
Anti-folate abx: MOA for sulfonamide and trimethoprim
Blockade of folic acid synthesis
47
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) activity spectrum
UTI, resp. infections (bronchitis), ear infections, MSSA or MRSA-skin/soft tissue infections, traveler's diarrhea, toxiplasmosis,
48
Combination of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is or bacteriostatic or bactericidal? Dosing is based on which component?
bactericidal Trimethoprim component
49
ADE's of TMP-SMZ
rash, bone marrow suppression, hyperkalemia, fever ADE's esp. in AIDs pt's
50
What stage of pregnancy should TMP-SMZ be avoided?
1st trimester
51
What is the activity spectrum for Quinolones?
urogenital infections, GI tract infections, bacterial conjunctivitis, activity vs. gonococci rapidly declining
52
Which 2 quinolones are mainly used for UTI's?
Ciprofloxacin | ofloxacin
53
ADE's of Quinolones
``` CNS effects (dizzy, HA) tendinitis (Achilles affected most) Peripheral neuropathy Neuromuscular-blocking activity QTc prolongation ``` Avoid in young children & pregnancy
54
Quinolones drug interactions
oral absorption impaired by cations - Ca, Mg, Al caution w/use of class IA and III antiarrhythmic
55
In what neuromuscular disease should quinolones be avoided?
Mesthenia Gravis
56
What is synergism?
killing effects or 2 or more antimicrobials used together are significantly greater than expected from their effects when used individually (4X or greater)
57
What is guided treatment?
effective antimicrobial agent identified by susceptibility testing of infecting microorganism
58
What factors should be considered before empiric therapy is initiated?
- Age, pregnancy, allergies - metabolic or genetic variation - renal and hepatic function - concomitant drug therapy and disease states
59
What is an antibiogram?
- report of susceptibility/resistance of pathogens to abx's - can be used to determine empiric tx options - information about local resistance patterns
60
MOA of Penicillins
inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
61
MOA of Cephalosporins
inhibit cell wall synthesis
62
MOA of Carbapenems
inhibit cell wall synthesis
63
MOA of Monobactams
inhibits GRAM NEG bacterial cell wall synthesis
64
MOA of glycoproteins
inhibit cell wall synthesis
65
MOA of Lipopeptides
inhibit cell wall synthesis
66
MOA of Tetracyclines
inhibit bacterial protein syntesis via binding to 30S ribosomal unit
67
MOA of Macrolides
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis via binding to 50S ribosomal subunit
68
MOA of Lincosamides
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis via binding to 50S ribosomal subunit
69
MOA of Chloramphenicol
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis via binding to 50S ribosomal subunit
70
MOA of Oxazolidinone
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis via binding to 23S RNA of 50S ribosomal subunit
71
MOA of Aminoglycosides
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis via binding to 30S ribosomal subunit
72
MOA of anti-folates
blockade of folic acid synthesis
73
MOA of Quinolones
inhibit DNA replication via binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

Erica Pharm 2 Exam (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions