Antibiotics

Question 1

Antibiotic definition

Answer 1

Chemical that is produced by one microbe that has the ability to harm another microbe
Given to slow growth of bacteria or kill them

Question 2

Antimicrobial agent definition

Answer 2

Any agent, natural or synthetic, which has ability to kill or suppress microorganisms

Question 3

Bacteriostatic stop growth by

Answer 3

DNA replication
Metabolism
Protein production

Question 4

Bacteriacidial

Answer 4

Kills bacteria

Penicillin, amoxicillin, flucloxacclin

Question 5

Selective toxicitiy exploited in 3 main ways

Answer 5

Disruption of bacteria cell wall
Inhibition of enzymes unique to bacteria
Disruption of bacterial protein synthesis

Question 6

Sulfonamids (bactrim)

Answer 6

Inhibit enzyme needed to make folic acid (mammalian cells can acquire from diet)

Question 7

Disruption of protein synthesis

Answer 7

Certain antimicrobial agens can affect the function of bacterial ribosomes and prevent protein synthesis from happening as bacteria ribosomes are different than mammalian

Question 8

7 classes and MOA for antibiotics

Answer 8

Weakening of cell wall causing lysis and death penicillin

Increase permeability of cell membrane causing leakage of intracellular material

Inhibition (lethal) of folic acid synthesis - gentamicin

Nonlethal inhibition of proteins tetracyclines don’t kill just slow

Ciprofloxacin inhibits bacterial synthesis of DNA and RNA

Antimetabolites decrease synthesis of essential cell function

Suppression of viral replication

Question 9

Narrow spectrum

Answer 9

For gram positive cocci and bacilli
Gram negative aerobes
Mycobacterium TB

Question 10

Broad spectrum

Answer 10

Also gram positive cocci and gram negative bacilli

Question 11

Antiviral drugs

Answer 11

HIV infection, influenza, others

Question 12

4 mechs for drug resistance

Answer 12

Reduction of drug concentration at site of action (microbes cease activity of uptake, or increase export)
Drug inactivation by microbes
Alteration of drug target molecules
Production of antagonist compounds

Question 13

3 prinicpals for antibiotic selection

Answer 13

Oragnism, sensativity of organism, host factors (immune system etc)

Question 14

Tough sites to reach with antiobiotics

Answer 14

Meningitis, endocarditis, infected abscessesm foregin material (valves, pacemakers)

Question 15

Untreatable infections

Answer 15

Common cold, bronchitis, sore throat, sinusitis

Question 16

Toxoid

Answer 16

A bacterial toxin that has been changed into a nontoxic form

Question 17

True contras

Answer 17

Anaphylaxis and moderate or severe illness with or without a fever

Question 18

Not contras for vaccines

Answer 18

Mild to moderate local reaction, mild acute illness, diarrhea, antimicrobial therapy, recovery phase of illness, prematuriry, exposure, penacillin/other allergies

Question 19

Measles

Answer 19

Viral, rash and high fever
Spread by inhalation of sputum or contact with secretions
Risk of encephalitis

Question 20

Mumps

Answer 20

Viral disease of salivary glands, swelling/pain/fever

Risk of meningitis

Question 21

Rubella

Answer 21

Viral, sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash

Can cause miscarriage, stillbirth and congenital defects

Question 22

Diptheria

Answer 22

Lethal bacteria infection characterized by sore through, fever, headache, nausea, airway compromise, heart failure, paralysis

Question 23

Tetanus

Answer 23

Lethal bacteria infection caused by muscle cell spasm, spread by soild dust and feces

Question 24

Pertussis

Answer 24

Lethal bacteria infection chracterized by persistent cough

Seizures, ear infections, pneumonia, neuro damage

Question 25

Polio

Answer 25

Muscle paralysis, Viral

Question 26

Haemophilus influenza type B

Answer 26

Bacterial, meningitis, pneumonia and throat/ear infections | Leading cause of bacterial meningits and can cause permanent neuro damage

Question 27

Varicella

Answer 27

Chicken pox Viral, skin lesions, fever, malaise, loss of appetite, Children are prone to cerebellar ataxia and reyes syndrome Pneumonia in adults, fatality more likely

Question 28

Hep B

Answer 28

Viral liver infection. Anorexia, malaise, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice and pain Cirrhosis, liver cancer, death

Question 29

Hep A

Answer 29

Viral infection of the liver characterized by same critera as Hep B less complications than B though Spread via oral and fecal route

Question 30

Pneumoccal infection

Answer 30

Lethal bacteria, meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, ear infections Leading cause of childhoold bacterial meningitis and may lead to perma nero damage

Question 31

Meningococcal infection

Answer 31

Lethal bacteria characterized by meningitis | Spread via resp secretions

Question 32

Influenza

Answer 32

Viral, fever, cough, chills, sore throat, headache, myalgia Bronchitis and pneumonia Spread via droplets

Question 33

Rotavirus

Answer 33

Viral infection of intestinal mucosa characterized by stomach pain/fever/vomiting and dirrhea Severe dehydration Fecal-oral route

Question 34

Genital HPV

Answer 34

most common STI Genital warts or cervical cancer Spread via sexual contact

Question 35

MMR

Answer 35

12-15 months and again at 4-6 May cause anaphylaxis and thrombocytopenia Three live viruses

Question 36

DTaP - Diptheria/ Tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis

Answer 36

May cause encephalopathy Given at 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months and 4-6 years Boosters at 11-12 then every ten years

Question 37

Poliovirus Vaccine

Answer 37

Inactivated poliovirus No serious effects - not a live virus anymore 2,4, 61-8 months 4-6 years

Question 38

Haemophilius infleunza type B conjuagte vaccine LOL SPELLING

Answer 38

Pollysaccharide from HIB combined with diptheria toxoid, tetanus toixoid or a membrane protein from neisseria No serious effects

Question 39

HPV vaccine

Answer 39

May cause Guillain-Barre | Females 11-12 y/o three doses in 6 months

Question 40

Rotavirus

Answer 40

Live that protects against 4-5 of most common subtypes | No serious effects

Question 41

Meningoccocal conjugate vaccine MCV4

Answer 41

May cause guillain barre | Given at 11-12years

Question 42

Influenze vaccine

Answer 42

Live or inactivated Guillain Barre or anaphylaxis October/november started at 6-18months

Question 43

Hep A vaccine

Answer 43

Inactivated | Anaphylaxis