Antibiotics

Question 1

First generation cephalosporins are active against:

Answer 1

gram positive cocci

Question 2

How does vancomycin work?

Answer 2

Inhibits transpeptidases

Question 3

What are the three types of beta lactam drugs?

Answer 3

1. Penicillins
2. cephalosporins
3. carbapenems (structurally different)

Question 4

Which drugs block the 30S ribosomal unit?

Answer 4

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines

Question 5

Which drugs block the 50S subunit?

Answer 5

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, linezolid

Question 6

How does the mechanism of action differ between aminoglycosides and tetracyclines?

Answer 6

Aminoglycosides bind directly to the 30S subunit. Tetracyclins block the binding of aminoacyl t-RNA

Question 7

How does chloramphenicol work? What is a side effect?

Answer 7

Blocks peptidyl transferase, preventing protein synthesis–bacteriostatic. Can cause bone marrow suppression

Question 8

How does erythromycin work?

Answer 8

Blocks the release of t-RNA

Question 9

Which drugs are in the macrolide family?

Answer 9

azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin

Question 10

How does clindamycin work?

Answer 10

Biinds to the same site as erythromycin to block release of the tRNA.

Question 11

What is a serious side effect of clindamycin?

Answer 11

Predisposes patients to C difficile

Question 12

Mechanism of action of sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Answer 12

Inhibition of nucleotide synthesis by blocking dihydrofolate reductase

Question 13

Mechanism of action of quinolone

Answer 13

Inhibits DNA synthesis by blocking DNA gyrase

Question 14

Mechanism of action for rifampin

Answer 14

Inhibits RNA synthesis by blocking the RNA polymerase

Question 15

When is vancomycin used?

Answer 15

As a last resort against MRSA

Question 16

Aminoglycosides=bacteriocidal or static?

Answer 16

Bactericidal. Mechanism of action not fully known, though thought to interfere with protein synthesis and cell wall integrity

Question 17

Tetracycline=bactericidal or static?

Answer 17

static

Question 18

chloramphenicol=bactericidal or static?

Answer 18

Both

Question 19

Erythromycin=bactericidal or static?

Answer 19

static

Question 20

Clindamycin=bactericidal or static?

Answer 20

static

Question 21

Name several aminoglycosides

Answer 21

streptomycin
gentamicin
Neomycin

Question 22

How do aminoglycosides work?

Answer 22

inhibition of initiation complex and misreading of messenger RNA

Question 23

Aminopenicillins treat:

Answer 23

gram positive enterococcus and gram negative bacteria

Question 24

Which two antibiotics are administered together to provide broad gram negative coverage?

Answer 24

ampicillin and gentamicin

Question 25

Name the penicillinase resistant antibiotics:

Answer 25

methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin (I MET a NAsty Ox)

Question 26

Which penicillins can be used to treat pseudomonas?

Answer 26

ticarcillin and carbenicillin (carboxypenicillins) | Mezlocillin and peperacillin (ureidopenicillins)

Question 27

What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do? Name them.

Answer 27

Beta lactamase inhibitors prevent beta lactamase from degrading the antibiotic, protecting them. Clavulonic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam

Question 28

What advantage do cephalosporins have over penicillins?

Answer 28

Resistance to beta lactamases and can be used on penicillin resistant bacteria

Question 29

What bacteria remain resistant to cephalosporins?

Answer 29

MRSA and enterocci

Question 30

Which cephalosporins are effective against pseudomonas?

Answer 30

ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefepime (TAZ, FOP, FEP)

Question 31

Which antibiotics can kill MRSA?

Answer 31

Vancomycin

Question 32

What is imipenem NOT able to kill?

Answer 32

MRSA, pseudomonas, mycoplasma

Question 33

What do you need to coadminster imipenem with?

Answer 33

cilastin. This is to protect renal degradation of the antibiotic.

Question 34

What does aztreonam kill?

Answer 34

Gram negative aerobic bacteria (including pseudomonas)

Question 35

Which antibiotics inhibit the 50S subunits?

Answer 35

clindamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and linezolid

Question 36

Which antibiotics inhibit the 30S subunit?

Answer 36

Tetracycline and aminoglycosides

Question 37

What does chloramphenicol kill?

Answer 37

Gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic bacteria. Very effective

Question 38

What are the side effects of chloramphenicol?

Answer 38

aplastic anemia and gray baby syndrome

Question 39

What do you use clindamycin for?

Answer 39

anaerobic interactions, gram + bacteria

Question 40

What is the issue with administering clindamycin?

Answer 40

C difficile interactions

Question 41

What would you treat C difficile with?

Answer 41

Vancomycin

Question 42

Erythromycin treats:

Answer 42

Gram positive organisms

Question 43

What are the side effects of erythromycin?

Answer 43

GI discomfort, rare hepatitis. Overall, a very good safety profile

Question 44

Aminoglycosides kill:

Answer 44

gram negative including pseudomonas

Question 45

What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?

Answer 45

renal toxicity, vertico, hearing loss

Question 46

What is a side effect of tetracycline?

Answer 46

discolored teeth

Question 47

What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinones?

Answer 47

DNA gyrase

Question 48

What antibiotic covers all gram negative bugs?

Answer 48

Aztrenam

Question 49

How does vancomycin work?

Answer 49

Also attacks the cell wall, but by complexing with D alanine-Dalanine

Question 50

How is vancomycin administered?

Answer 50

Through IV

Question 51

What can you use to treat a systemic fungal infection?

Answer 51

amphotericin

Question 52

What is the problem with amphotericin?

Answer 52

Severe side effects including renal toxicity, severe anemia