Antibiotics

Question 1

Types of Antibiotics

There are 12 types

Answer 1

1) Beta Lactams (Penicillin)
2) Beta Lactams (Cephalosporins)
3) Quinolone
4) Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
5) Lincosamide
6) Macrolide
7) Aminoglycosides
8) Metronidazole and ornidazole
9) Nitrofurantoin
10) Tetracycline
11) Glycopeptides
12) Fusidic acid

Question 2

List the Different Beta Lactams (Penicillin)

Answer 2

1) Amoxicillin
2) Augmentin
3) Flucloxacilin
4) Penicillin G - Benzylpenicillin
5) Penicillin V - Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Question 4

Amoxicillin

Answer 4

PO/ IV
250-500mg
every 8 hours
for 3 days and review on the 4th

Considerations:
Allergy, INR increase

Question 5

Augmentin

Answer 5

Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid 
PO
625mg (500mg / 125mg) 
Three times daily 
For 7 days 

Consideration:
Allergy, INR increase and renal impairment

Question 6

Penicillin G - Benzylpenicillin

Answer 6

IV
0.6-1.2g
Every 6 hours daily

Question 7

Penicillin V - Phenoxymethylpenicillin

Answer 7

PO
500mg
Every 6 hours

First choice in odontogenic infections due to narrow spectrum
Fewer GI problems and less likely to cause rash

Considerations:
Allergy, INR increase, acid unstable

Question 8

List different Beta Lactams (Cephalosporins)

Answer 8

1) Cefazolin (1st) - IV
2) Cefalexin (1st) - PO
3) Cefaclor (2nd) - PO
4) Cefuroxime (2nd) - IV
5) Ceftadizime (3rd) - IV
6) Ceftriaxone (3rd) - IV

Question 9

Cefalexin

Answer 9

1st Generation (narrow spectrum)
PO
250-500mg
Three times daily for 7 days

Question 10

Cefaclor

Answer 10

2nd Generation (intermediate Spectrum)
PO
250-500mg
Three times daily for 7 days

Question 11

List different types of Quinolone

Answer 11

1) Ciprofloxacin - PO/IV

2) Norfloxacin - PO

Question 12

What are cautionary things to consider when taking Quinolone?

Answer 12

Cautions when using with patient with history of epilepsy; conditions that predispose to seizure

Question 13

Contraindications of Quinolone

Answer 13

Allergy, history of tendon disorders related to quinolone use, pregnant women

Question 14

List the different Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim.

Answer 14

1) Cotrimoxazole - PO/ IV

2) Trimethoprim - PO

Question 15

List the Lincosamide

Answer 15

Clindamycin

Question 16

Clindamycin

Answer 16

Against Gram + aerobes and most anaerobes
PO/ IV
300-450mg
Every 6 hours for 7 days
Side effects: pseudomembranous colitis (Clostridium difficile), taste disturbance.
Consideration: INR increase, GI upset

Question 17

List the different Macrolide

Answer 17

1) Azithromycin
2) Clarithromycin
3) Erythromycin
4) Roxithromycin

Question 18

Macrolides - bacterial spectrum

Answer 18

Wide spectrum covering Gram + and - cocci, gram + and - anaerobes

Question 19

Azithromycin

Answer 19

PO
250-500mg
Once Daily for 3 days

Considerations: Renal and hepatic impairment

Question 20

Clarithromycin

Answer 20

PO
250-500mg
Twice daily for 7 days

Question 21

Erythromycin

Answer 21

PO/ IV
400mg
Four times daily for 5 days

Consideration: GI upset

Question 22

Roxithromycin

Answer 22

PO
150mg (twice daily) or 300mg (once daily)
For 7 days
Consideration: Hepatic impairment

Question 23

List the Aminoglycosides

Answer 23

Gentamicin

Question 24

List the Nitroimidazole

Answer 24

Metronidazole (Gram negative anaerobes)
PO/IV
400mg (PO) / 500mg (IV)
Three times daily for 7 days

Considerations: Avoid Alcohol, Metallic Taste, monitor INR and avoid in pregnant women,

Also used in Acute Necrotising Ulcerative Gingivitis - 200mg, 3 times daily for 3 days + debridement and mouthwash
Clostridium difficile infection - 400 mg every 8 hrs for 10-14 days

Question 25

List the Nitrofurantoin

Answer 25

Nitrofurantoin
PO
50-100mg
4 times daily

Question 26

List the different Tetracycline

Answer 26

Tetracycline - Broad spectrum Gram + and - 1) Doxycycline 2) Minocycline

Question 27

Doxycycline

Answer 27

PO 50-100mg Once daily Can be used for acute sinusitis

Question 28

Minocycline

Answer 28

PO 100mg Twice Daily 2% Minocycline mouthwash use for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Question 29

List the Glycopeptides

Answer 29

1) Vancomycin

Question 30

Vancomycin

Answer 30

Wide range of Gram +; Gram - not susceptible IV 1 - 1.5g Every 12 hours OR PO 125mg Every 6 hours for 10-4 days Can be used for MRSA, Clostridium difficile

Question 31

List the Fusidic acid and dosage

Answer 31

Sodium Fusidate PO / Ointment 500mg (PO) Twice or Three times daily (PO) or Sparingly every 12 hrs

Question 32

Flucoxacillin

Answer 32

PO 250-500mg Every 6-8 hours daily Can be used for Bacterial Sialadenitits and Skin infections Consideration: Allergy, INR increase, acid unstable, skin staphylococcal infections