Antibiotics

Question 1

Which types of antibiotics are beta lactams?

Which antibiotics from the drugs list fall into this category

Answer 1

Penicillins:

• Amoxicillin
• Co-amoxiclav
• Benzylpenicillin
• Piperacillin/Tazobactam
• Flucloxacillin

Carbapenems:

• Meropenem

Cephalosporins:

• Ceftriaxone

Question 2

Which types of antibiotics are anti folate antibiotics?

Answer 2

Trimethoprim

Question 3

Which antibiotics from the drugs list are fluroquinolones?

Answer 3

Ciprofloxacin

Question 4

Which antibiotics from the drugs list are macrolides?

Answer 4

• Erythromycin
• Azithromycin

Question 5

Which antibiotics from the drugs list are tetracyclines?

Answer 5

• Tetracycline
• Doxycycline

Question 6

Which drugs from the drugs list are aminoglycosides?

Answer 6

Gentamicin

Question 7

Which antibiotic from the drugs list is a nitroimidazole?

Answer 7

• Metronidazole

Question 8

Which antibiotics are bacteriocidal, targeting the bacterial cell wall?

Answer 8

Beta Lactams:

• Penicillins
  
  • Benzylpenicillin
  • Amoxicillin
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • Flucloxacillin
  • Piperacillin/tazobactam (Tazocin)
• Cephalosporins
  
  • Ceftriaxone
• Carbapenems
  
  • Meropenem

Glycopeptides

• Vancomycin

Question 9

Which antibiotics are bacteriostatic by inhibiting bacterial RNA and protein synthesis?

Answer 9

Macrolides

• Erythromycin
• Azithromycin

Tetracyclines

• Tetracycline
• Doxycycline

Aminoglycosides

• Gentamicin

Question 10

Which antibiotics are bactericidal if high dose, acting on bacterial DNA structure and function?

Answer 10

Quinolones

• Ciprofloxacin

Nitro-imidazoles

• Metronidazole

Nitrofuran

• Nitrofurantoin

Question 11

Which antibiotics work by inhibiting folate synthesis?

Answer 11

Trimethoprim

Question 12

Which antibiotics are used for skin and soft tissue infections?

Answer 12

Flucloxacillin

Macrolides (erythromycin and azithromycin) if penicillin allergic.

Question 13

Which antibiotics are used for UTIs?

Answer 13

Uncomplicated:

• Nitrofurantoin
• Trimethoprim

Complex/multidrug resistant UTIs: meropenem,

Question 14

Which antibiotic is used for tonsillitis?

Answer 14

Penicillin

Question 15

Which antibiotics are used for LRTIs?

Answer 15

Penicillins:

• Amoxicillin
• Coamoxiclav

Macrolides:

• Azithromycin
• Erythromycin

Question 16

Which antibiotic is used for a complicated LRTI?

Answer 16

Piperacillin/tazobactam

Question 17

What do penicillins have poor activity against?

Answer 17

Intracellular infections e.g. legionella

Those without a normal cell wall, e.g. chlamydia, mycoplasma, rickettsia, mycobacteria

Question 18

Which antibiotic is used for abdominal sepsis, bacterial meningitis and orthopaedic infections?

Answer 18

Cephalosporins:

• Ceftriaxone

Question 19

Which antibiotics are used for infections in ITUs and complex multi-drug resistant infections?

Answer 19

Carbapenems:

• Meropenem

Question 20

Which antibiotics are used for multi-drug resistant, gram +ve cocci e.g. MRSA?

Answer 20

Glycopeptides

• Vancomycin

Question 21

Which antibiotics are used for LRTIs, URTIs, SSTIs (in place of penicillins) and atypical LRTIs such as intracellular infections?

Answer 21

Macrolides:

• Erythromycin
• Azithromycin

Question 22

Which antibiotics are used for bacteria that do not have a normal cell wall, e.g. chlamydia, mycoplasma and rickettsia infections?

Answer 22

Tetracycline:

• Doxycycline

Question 23

Which antibiotics are used for severe gram -ve infections and as a synergistic treatment for bacterial endocarditis?

Answer 23

Aminoglycosides:

• Gentamicin

Question 24

Which antibiotics are used for gram -ve infections (excluding anaerobes) such as MRSA?

Answer 24

Quinolones:

• Ciprofloxacin

Question 25

Which antibiotic works by targeting DNA gyrase enzyme?

Answer 25

Ciprofloxacin (quinolone)

Question 26

Which antibiotics are used for anaerobic infections such as abscesses?

Answer 26

Nitro-imidazoles: * Metronidazole

Question 27

The use of which antibiotics is limited by CDAD risk?

Answer 27

Cephalosporins: ceftriaxone Quinolones: ciprofloxacin

Question 28

The use of which antibiotics is limited by renal toxicity and the need for monitoring of drug levels?

Answer 28

Aminoglycodides: Gentamicin Glycopeptides: Vancomycin

Question 29

The use of which antibiotic is limited by GI intolerance and photosensitivity?

Answer 29

Tetracyclines: doxycycline

Question 30

Define minimal bactericidal concentration

Answer 30

Lowest concentration that kills 99.9% of a population of bacteria

Question 31

Define minimum inhibitory concentration

Answer 31

Lowest concentration which inhibits visible growth of bacteria

Question 32

Define breakpoint

Answer 32

The concentration of an antibiotic which defines whether a species of bacteria if susceptible or resistant to it. If the MIC is less than or equal to the susceptibility breakpoint the bacteria is considered to be susceptible to the antibiotic.

Question 33

Which antibiotic is used to treat UTIs but cannot be used in pregnant women?

Answer 33

Anti-folates: Trimethoprim

Question 34

How are bacteria classified? Provide examples of each

Answer 34

Classified according to gram staining and shape: Gram: positive or negative Shape: coccus or bacillus * Gram positive cocci: staphylococcus and streptococcus species * Gram positive bacilli: Bacillus anthracis and lactobacilli species * Gram negative cocci: Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilius influenzae * Gram negative bacilli: Escherichia coli, salmonella species