Antibiotics

Question 1

What is an antimicrobial?

Answer 1

Produced by micro-organisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other micro-organisms in high dilution
Molecules that work by binding to a target site on a bacteria

Question 2

What target sites do antimicrobials bind to?

Answer 2

Points of biochemical reaction crucial to survival or bacterium
Eg
- Penicillin binding proteins on cell wall
- Cell membrane
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Topoisomerase IV or DNA gyrase
Binding sites vary by antimicrobial class

Question 3

What binding site do beta-lactams bind to and what is their action?

Answer 3

Cell wall
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Penicillin binding proteins

Question 4

What binding site do glycopeptides bind to?

Answer 4

Cell wall
Inhibition of cell synthesis
Penicillin binding proteins

Question 5

What are the 2 types of beta-lactams?

Answer 5

Cephalosporins

Penicillins

Question 6

Name a penicillin

Answer 6

Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin
Ampicillin
Benzylpenicillin

Question 7

Name a cephalosporin

Answer 7

Cefuroxime
Cefaclor
Ceftriaxome

Question 8

How many generations of cephalosporins are there?

Answer 8

5

Question 9

Name a glycopeptide antibiotic

Answer 9

Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Bleomycin

Question 10

What antibiotics interfere with nucleic acid synthesis or function?

Answer 10

Metronidazole

Rifampicin

Question 11

What is the action of fluoroquinolones?

Answer 11

Inhibition of DNA gyrase

Question 12

Name an example of a fluoroquinolone

Answer 12

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

Question 13

Which antibiotics inhibit ribosomal activity and protein synthesis?

Answer 13

Aminogylcosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol

Question 14

Which antibiotics inhibit folate synthesis and carbon unit metabolism?

Answer 14

Sulphonamides

Trimethoprim

Question 15

Name an example of an aminoglycoside

Answer 15

Gentamicin

Streptomycin

Question 16

Name an example of a tetracycline

Answer 16

Doxycycline
Minocycline
Tetracycline

Question 17

Name an example of a macrolide

Answer 17

Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin

Question 18

Name an example of a sulphonamide

Answer 18

Sulfadiazine
Sulfamethizole
Sulfamethoxazole

Question 19

What are beta lactams used to treat?

Answer 19

Gram positive and gram negative anaerobic bacteria

Mainly active against gram positive

Question 20

What bacteria genus’ might penicillins be used to treat?

Answer 20

Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Clostridium
Neisseria
Listeria

Question 21

What do first generation cephalosporins treat?

Answer 21

Gram positive

Used for skin and soft tissue staphylococcus and streptococcus infections

Question 22

What do second generation cephalosporins treat?

Answer 22

Gram negative anaerobes
Neisseria gonorrhoea
H influenzae
Klebsiella
E coli
Streptococcus and staphylococcus (gram +ve)

Question 23

Name a first generation cephalosporin

Answer 23

Cephalexin

Cefadroxil

Question 24

Name a second generation cephalosporin

Answer 24

Cefaclor

Cefuroxime

Question 25

What do third generation cephalosporins treat?

Answer 25

``` Less active against gram positive including streptococcus and staphylococcus Pseudomonas infections Skin and soft tissue Pneumonia UTIs Meningitis Gonorrhoea ```

Question 26

Name a third generation cephalosporin

Answer 26

Cefixime

Question 27

What do fourth generation cephalosporins treat?

Answer 27

Gram positive bacteria such as MRSA, penicillin resistant pneumococci Viridans group strep

Question 28

Name a fourth generation cephalosporin

Answer 28

Cefepime

Question 29

What do fifth generation cephalosporins treat?

Answer 29

Resistant staph and strep species that are resistant to antibiotics

Question 30

What are gylcopeptides used to treat?

Answer 30

MRSA | Enterococcal infections that are resistant to beta-lactams

Question 31

What is metronidazole used to treat?

Answer 31

``` Anaerobic bacteria Intra-abdominal infection Gynaecological infections Septicaemia Endocarditis Bone and joint infections CNS infections Oral and dental infections Skin infections Eg bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease ```

Question 32

What is rifampicin used to treat?

Answer 32

TB | Nasal and throat infections that could cause meningitis

Question 33

What are fluoroquinolones used to treat?

Answer 33

Intracellular pathogens Legionella Mycoplasma pneumoniae Gram negative bacteria

Question 34

What do aminoglycosides treat?

Answer 34

Gram negative bacilli Staphylococci Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 35

What do tetracyclines treat?

Answer 35

``` Chlamydiae Mycoplasma Protozoan Acne and skin infections Pneumonia Genital and UTIs H pylori ```

Question 36

What do macrolides treat?

Answer 36

Gram positive bacteria S pneumoniae Respiratory tract and sift tissue infections

Question 37

What is choramphenicol used to treat?

Answer 37

``` Conjunctivitis Meningitis Plague Cholera Typhoid ```

Question 38

What are sulphonamides used to treat?

Answer 38

``` UTIs Bronchitis Eye infections Bacterial menigitis Pneumonia Ear infections ```

Question 39

What is trimethoprim used to treat?

Answer 39

UTIs

Question 40

What does nitrofurantoin treat?

Answer 40

UTIs

Question 41

What do carbapenems treat?

Answer 41

Anaerobes | Type of beta lactam

Question 42

Name a carbapenem

Answer 42

Meropenem

Question 43

Name a beta-lactamase

Answer 43

Co-amoxiclav