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Clinical Microbiology > Antibiotics And Modes Of Action > Flashcards

Antibiotics And Modes Of Action Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five categories of antibiotic agents?

A 
1 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2 Altering of bacterial cell membrane
3 Inhibition of protein synthesis
4 Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis
5 Inhibition of other metabolic processes
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2
Q

What types of drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A 
Penicillins
Cephalosporins 
Carbapenemss
(Monobactems)
Glycopeptides 
(Lipopeptides)
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3
Q

Drugs that inhibit cell wall are also called?

Except glycopeptides

A

Beta-lactams

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4
Q

Which type of org is inherently resistant to beta lactams?

A

Orgs without cell walls

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5
Q

Are beta lactams more effective against g+ or g-?

A

Gram positive

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6
Q

Are beta lactams bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriocidal

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7
Q

How to beta lactams fxn?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting enzymes needed for peptidoglycan formation

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8
Q

How do glycopeptides like vancomycin fxn?

A

Interfere with crosslinking of the peptidoglycan

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9
Q

What are the 4 groups of penicillins?

A

Natural penicillins
Penicillinase-resistant
Extended spectrum
Others

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10
Q

What are the two natural penicillins?

A

Penicillin G

Penicillin V

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11
Q

What are Penicillin G and penicillin V used for?

A

Mostly streptococcus, but also gram positive other than staphylococcus and enterococcus

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12
Q

What are the penicillinase-resistant drugs?

A

Methicillin
Oxacillin
(Nafcillan)
“I met a nasty ox with a beta lactam ring around its neck”

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13
Q

What are the penicillinase-resistant drugs used for?

A

Gram positive including MSSA but nit Enterococcus

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14
Q

What are the extended spectrum penicillin drugs?

A

Ampilicillin and amoxicillin

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15
Q

What are extended spectrum penicillin used for?

A

Gram positive Gram negative (they do not work as well as regular penicillins for GPcocci)
its a little better G neg

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16
Q

What are other penicillins (Piperacillin and Ticarcillin) used for?

A

Gram negative

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17
Q

What are the four groups of cephalosporins?

A

First generation
second generation
Third generation
Fourth generation

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18
Q

What makes natural penicillins?

A

Occur from mold Penicillium notatum

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19
Q

How are penicillinase resistant penicillins produced?

A

side-chains are added to the drug to allow the antibiotic to be effective against orgs that produce a penicillinase

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20
Q

How do extended-spectrum penicillins functions?

A

can penetrate the gram negative cell wall

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21
Q

What are penicillin combo drugs?

A

include a penicillin with a beta lactamase

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22
Q

What are the three Penicillin combo drugs?

A

augmentim–(amoxicillin with clavulanic acid)
(piperacillin/tazobactam)
(ampicillin/subactam)

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23
Q

what is another name for beta lactamase?

A

penicillinase

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24
Q

Uses of 1st generation cephalosporins?

A

GPC, but not MRSA or Enterococcus
Enterobacteriaceae and Anaerobes, but not B. fragillis
better for GP

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25
Uses of 2nd Generation cephalosporins?
BEtter than first generation for for Enterobacteriaceae and other GNB, but less active for Staph
26
First generation cephalosporins can be inactivated by?
Beta lactamase
27
SEcond generation is more resistant than first generation to ?
Beta lactamase
28
First Generation cephalosporin drugs?
Cephalothin Cefazolin Cephalexin
29
Second Generation of Cephalosporin drugs?
Cefoxitin Cefotetan Cefuroxime
30
Third Generation of cephalosporin drugs>
Cefotaxime Ceftriaxone ceftazidime cefixime
31
4th generation of cephalosporine drugs?
cefepime
32
Third generation cephalosporin uses?
really good against GNB including Pseudomonas. Not very good against GP. Good for multi-drug resistant organisms.
33
4th generation cephalosporin uses?
GNB that are resistant to 3rd generation.
34
Carbapenems (beta lactam) drugs?
Imipenem Meropenem Doripenem Ertapenem
35
Uses of carbapenems?
Really against GNB including Pseudomonas Good against GP, but not MRSA or VRE Used when resistant to cephalosporins--mostly GN
36
Drugs that alter bacterial cell membrane permeability
Bacitracin Polymyxins --extremely toxic and used only on the surface of body
37
Polymyxin drugs?
Polymyxin B and E (colistin)
38
Use of Bacitracin?
Mostly GP including Staph (for external use only)
39
Use of Polymyxins?
Mostly GN | used as last resort to resistant GNB
40
Which drug types inhibit protein synthesis?
Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Choroamphenicol
41
What drugs are aminoglycosides?
Streptomycin Gentamycin Tobramycin Amikacin
42
What are special characteristics of aminoglycosides
- There is no oral option because of poor GI absorption. - Used in combination with beta lactams or vanco to allow bacterial uptake. - narrow therapeutic index - toxic to ears and kidneys - Peaks and troughs are monitored
43
Use of Aminoglycosides?
Bacteriocidal GP and GN
44
Tetracycline Drugs
Minocycline | Doxycycline
45
Use of Tetracyclines
Broad spectrum bacteriostatic
46
Macrolide drugs
Erythromycin | Clindamycin
47
Special characteristic of macrolides?
can penetrate WBC so useful in intracellular infections
48
Uses of macrolides
GP only | These cannot penetrate GN cell wall.
49
Chloramphenicol special characteristic?
bone marrow toxicity
50
Choramphenicol mode of actions?
Inhibit protein synthesis
51
Use of Choramphenicol?
GP and GN
52
Action of streptomycin?
Inhibit protein synthesis
53
Action of Bacitracin?
Alter bacterial cell membrane permeability
54
Action of polymyxin B?
Alter bacterial cell membrane permeability
55
Action of polymyxin E (Colistin)?
Alter bacterial cell membrane permeability
56
Action of gentamycin?
inhibit protein sythesis
57
Action of Tobramycin
Inhibit protein synthesis
58
Action of Amikacin
Inhibit protein synthesis
59
What drug type is minocycline?
Tetracyclines
60
What drug type is doxycycline?
Tetracycline
61
What drug type is Erythromycine?
Macrolide
62
What drug type is Clindamycin?
Macrolide
63
Which drug types inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis?
Fluoroquinolones Metronidazole Rifamycin
64
Use of Fluoroquinolones?
Broad spectrum. Good for complicated UTI and ear infection. Not great for Strep or Enterococcus.
65
Drugs that are Drug type Fluoroquinolone?
Ciprofloxacin | Levofloxacin
66
Drug that is Drug type metronidazole?
Metronidazole
67
Rifampin Treatment for?
Tuberculosis
68
Use of metroniodazole?
Anaerobes
69
Which drug types inhibit other metabolic processes?
Sulfonamides Trimethoprim Nitrofurantoin
70
Drug action of Sulfoamides?
Inhibits folic acid synthesis
71
Drug action of Trimethoprim?
Inhibits folic acid synthesis
72
Drug action of Nitrofurantoin?
Inhibits bacterial enzymes
73
Use of Sulfonamides ?
GP and GN, but not Psuedomonas
74
Use of Trimethroprim?
GP and GN
75
Nitrofurantoin Use?
Most GP and GN UTI drug

Clinical Microbiology (13 decks)

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