Antibiotics Intro Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
What is included in the penicillins?
A
- penicillin V
- penicillin G
2
Q
What are the 1st generation cephalosporins?
A
- cefadroxil
- cephalexin
- cefazolin
3
Q
What are the 2nd generation cephalosporins?
A
- cefaclor
- cefprozil
- cefuroxime
- cefoxitin
4
Q
What are the 3rd generation cephalosporins?
A
- cefixime
- cefotaxime
- ceftriaxone
- ceftazidime
- ceftolazane-tazobactam
5
Q
What is tazobactam?
A
B lactamase inhibitor
6
Q
What is a 4th gen cephalosporin?
A
-Cefepime
7
Q
What is a 5th gen cephalosporin?
A
-Ceftaroline
8
Q
List examples of carbapenems
A
- doripenem
- ertapenem
- imipenem-cilastatin
- meropenem
9
Q
List examples of macrolides
A
- erythromycin
- clarithromycin
10
Q
List an example of azalide
A
-azithromycin
11
Q
List examples of tetracyclines
A
- doxycycline
- minocycline
- tetracycline
12
Q
List examples of glycylcycline
A
-Tigecycline
13
Q
List examples of a Fluoroquinolone
A
-ciprofloxacin
14
Q
List examples of a “urinary” fluoroquinolone
A
-norfloxacin
15
Q
List examples of “respiratory” fluoroquinolone
A
- levofloxacin
- moxifloxacin
16
Q
List the aminoglycosides
A
- amikacin
- gentamicin
- tobramycin
17
Q
Clindamycin is a _______
A
Lincosamide
18
Q
What is Daptomycin
A
Cyclic lipopeptide
19
Q
Give an example of an Oxazolidinone
A
Linezolid
20
Q
__________ is in it’s own class
A
metronidazole
21
Q
__________ is in it’s own class
A
nitrofurantoin
22
Q
What is an example of a Rifamycin
A
Rifampin
23
Q
Give an example of a sulphonamide
A
TMP/SMX
24
Q
What is an example of a lipoglycopeptide?
A
Telavancin
25
What is an example of a glycopeptide?
vancomycin
26
_______ is penicillinase-stable
Cloxacillin
27
List 3 ES (extended spectrum) penicillins
- amoxicillin
- ampicillin
- piperacillin
28
List 2 ES penicillin with a Beta lactamase inhibitor
- Amoxicillin-clavulanate
| - Piperacillin-tazobactam
29
MOA of Penicillins
Inhibitis PBP in peptidoglycan cross linking and cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)
30
What do Penicillins target?
GP Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Listeria
| GN Niesseria, Treponema pallidum
31
What does Cloxacillin cover?
GP Streptococcus, S. aureus (NOT MRSA)
32
What does amoxicillin cover?
GP Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Listeria
GN Niesseria, Treponema pallidum
+
GN E.coli, Proteus, H. flu
33
What does amoxicillin-clav cover?
```
GP Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Listeria
GN Niesseria, Treponema pallidum
+
GN E.coli, Proteus, H. flu
+
GP S aureus not MRSA
GN E.coli, H. flu
Anaerobes (B. fragilis)
```
34
What does Piperacilllin cover?
GP Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Listeria
GN Niesseria, Treponema pallidum
+
GN Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Psudomonas
35
What does Piperacillin-tazobactam cover?
```
GP Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Listeria
GN Niesseria, Treponema pallidum
+
GN Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas
+
GP S aureus (not MRSA)
Anaerobes (B. fragilis)
```
36
MOA of Cephalosporins
Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)
37
What do 1st gen cephalosporins cover?
GP Streptococcus, S aureus (not MRSA), not Enterococcus
| GN E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis
38
What do 2nd gen cephalosporins cover?
| cefaclor, cefprozil, cefuroxime
GP Streptococcus, S aureus (not MRSA), not Enterococcus
GN E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis
BUT
-decreased S aureus
-increased S. pneumonia for cefprozil and cefuroximine
-increased GN including H. flu, Moraxella
39
What do 2nd gen cephalosporins cover?
| cefoxitin
GP Streptococcus, S aureus (not MRSA), not Enterococcus
GN E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis
BUT
-decreased S aureus
-increased S. pneumonia for cefprozil and cefuroximine
-increased GN including H. flu, Moraxella
+
Anaerobes (B. fragilis)
40
What do 3rd gen cephalosporins cover?
| Cefixime, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone
- Variable GP coverage
- Increased S. pneumonia for Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone
- Increased GN Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Acinetobacter not Psueodmonas
41
What do 3rd gen cephalosporins cover?
| ceftazadime
- Decreased GP (S. pneumonia, S. aureus)
| - Increased GN including Pseudomonas
42
What does 3rd gen cephalosporin + B lactamase inhibitor cover?
(ceftolazane-tazobactam)
-Decreased GP (S. pneumonia, S. aureus)
-Increased GN including Pseudomonas
+
-Increased coverage of GN B-lactamase producers
43
What does 4th gen cephalosporins cover?
| cefepime
- Increased GP S. pneumoniae, S. aureus
| - Increased GN including Pseudomonas
44
What does 5th gen cephalosporins cover?
| ceftaroline
- Increased GP S. pneumoniae, S. aureus including MRSA
| - Increased GN but variable Pseudomonas
45
MOA of carbapenems
Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)
46
What do carbapenems cover?
| doripenem, ertapenem, imipenem-cilastatin, meropenem
GP Streptococcus, S. aureus not MRSA, variable E. faecalis except Ertapenem, not E. faecium, not VRE
GN broad including Enterobacter, Pseudomonas except Ertapenem
Anaerobes including B. fragilis
47
MOA of macrolides & azalides
Inhibit s30S ribosome (bacteriostatic)
48
What do macrolides & azalides cover?
| erythromycin, clarithromycin
- GP variable Streptococcus not PRSP , variable S aureus not MRSA
- GN H. flu
Atypicals Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia
49
PRSP
penicillin-resistant Strep Pneumoniae
50
MOA of tetracyclines
| tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline
Inhibit s30S (bacteriostatic)
51
What do tetracyclines target?
- GP S. aureus including CA-MRSA, variable Strep
- GN broad, not Pseudomonas
- Atypicals Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia
52
MOA of glycylcyclines
| tigecycline
```
Inhibit 30S (bacteriostatic)
-Decreased resistance due to ribosomal modification and efflux
```
53
What do glycylcyclines cover?
| tigecycline
- GP Strep including PRSP, S. aureus including MRSA, enterococcus including VRE
- GN broad, not Pseudomonas
- Anaerobes
54
MOA of fluoroquinolones
Inhibits gyrase, topoisomerase in DNA synthesis (bactericidal)
55
What do FQs cover?
| ciprofloxacin
- GP resistance with use
- GN E. coli, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas
- Atypicals Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia
56
What do "urinary" FQs cover?
| norfloxacin
GN not pseudomonas
57
What do "respiratory" FQs cover?
| levofloxacin, moxifloxacin
Compared to ciprofloxacin
-Increased S. pneumoniae
Moxifloxacin
- decreased Pseudomonas
- increased anaerobes
58
MOA of aminoglycosides
Inhibits 30S, cell wall electron transport (bactericidal)
59
What do aminoglycosides cover?
| amikacin, gentamycin, tobramycin
GN broad including Enterobacter, Pseudomonas
60
MOA of Clindamycin (a Lincosamide)
Inhibits 50S ribosome (bacteriostatic)
61
What does Clindamycin cover?
- GP Streptococcus, S. aureus including CA-MRSA
| - Anaerobes including B. fragilis
62
MOA of Daptomycin?
Depolarizes membrane, inhibits protein, DNA, RNA synthesis (bactericidal)
63
What does Daptomycin cover?
GP streptococcus, S. aureus including MRSA, Enterococcus including VRE
64
MOA of Linezolid
Inhibits 23 of 50s, and 70S ribosome (bacteriostatic)
65
What does Linezolid cover?
GP Streptococcus, S. aureus including MRSA, Enterococcus including VRE
66
MOA of Metronidazole
Inhibit s ribosome, DNA via intracellular active metabolites (bactericidal)
67
What does metronidazole cover?
Anaerobes only including B fragilis
68
MOA of Nitrofurantoin
Inhibits ribosome, DNA through intracellular reduction to active metabolites
69
What does Nitrofurantoin cover?
E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus including S. saprophiticus
70
MOA of rifampin
Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
| **RESISTANCE DEVELOPS WITH MONOTHERAPY
71
What does Rifampin cover?
GP S. aureus, S. epidermidis
72
MOA of TMP/SMX
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase
73
What does TMP/SMX cover?
- GP S. aureus including MRSA, variable Streptococcus
- GN E. coli, H. flu
- Pneumocystis
74
MOA of Telavancin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function (bactericidal)
75
What does Telavancin cover?
GP S. aureus including MRSA, Streptococcus, E. faecalis not VRE
76
MOA of Vancomycin?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal)
77
What does vancomycin cover?
GP S. aureus including MRSA, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus including PRSP, Enterococcus not VRE
