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Toxicology continued > Anticipated drugs/chemicals > Flashcards

Anticipated drugs/chemicals Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

what is the main organ affected by paracetamol tox

A

Liver

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2
Q

What is the toxic metabolite of paracetamol

A

NAPQI

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3
Q

What depletes in the liver during paracetamol overdose

A

GSH

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4
Q

Risk factor that increases paracetamol toxicity

A

Alcoholism, malnutrition

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5
Q

What is the antidote for paracetamol overdose

A

N-acetylcysteine

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6
Q

what is the hallmark pathology in paracetamol-induced liver injury

A

Centrilobular necrosis

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7
Q

Early symptoms of paracetamol poisoning

A

Nausea, vomiting, sweating

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8
Q

What complications can come from untreated paracetamol toxicity

A

liver failure

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9
Q

How is paracetamol toxicity diagnosed

A

metabolic acidosis

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10
Q

what other organs can be affected by severe paracetamol toxicity

A

Kidney - renal failure

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11
Q

toxic metabolite of allyl alcohol

A

acrolein

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12
Q

which organ is most affected by allyl alcohol toxicity

A

liver (also kidney)

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13
Q

what type of liver injury does allyl alcohol cause

A

centrilobular necrosis

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14
Q

what are common symptoms of allyl alcohol poising

A

abdominal pain, jaundice, CNS depression

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15
Q

mechanism of allyl alcohol tox

A

metabolism to acrolein by ADH causing oxidative stress, mito damage and cellular damage

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16
Q

which enzyme metabolises CCl4 into its radical

A

CYP2E1

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17
Q

what is the main toxic metabolite of CCl4

A

CCl3.- and then phosgene (CCl3OO.) when reacted with oxygen

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18
Q

what is the primary organ affected by CCl4

A

Liver (also kidney and CNS)

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19
Q

what is the main mechanism of CCl4 tox

A

lipid peroxidation and radical damage

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20
Q

what can exacerbate CCl4 tox

A

alcoholism

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21
Q

what is the main organ targeted by paraquat poisoning

A

lungs (pulmonary fibrosis)

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22
Q

what is the main mechanism of paraquat toxicity

A

redox cycling generates ROS

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23
Q

classic symptom of paraquat poisoning

A

progressive shortness of breath

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24
Q

is there a specific antidote for paraquat poisoning

A

No, treatment is mainly supportive

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25
what is the most common cause of death by paraquat poisoning
respiratory failure
26
what are the main systems affected by arsenic
GI, cardiovascular, neuro, skin
27
classic skin sign of chronic arsenic exposure
hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis
28
what is a hematological effect of arsenic poisoning
anemia
29
mechanism of arsenic toxicity
inhibitions of cellular respiration (binds sulfhydryl groups)
30
is arsenic a carcinogen
yes to human
31
what is the main route of cadmium exposure
diet and inhalation
32
which organs are most affected by cadmium
kidneys, lungs, bones
33
what is a classical skeletal effect of cadmium toxicity
Itai-itai disease Less Vit-A synthesis --> osteoporosis
34
what reproductive effect does cadmium have
male reproductive toxicity
35
what is cadmiums mechanism of toxicity
interferes with enzyme function and induces oxidative stress
36
what is the primary organ system affected by lead
CNS
37
what is a hematological effect of lead poisoning
anemia (inhibits ALAD in haem synthesis)
38
what is a classic sign of chronic lead exposure in children
cognitive and behavioural deficits
39
mechanism of lead neurotoxicity
replaces Ca2+ and crosses BBB to accumulate in astroglia and cause peripheral neuropathy
40
classic sign of lead tox in gums
lead line (Burton's line)
41
what are the three main forms of mercury
elemental, inorganic and organic (methylmercury)
42
which form of mercury is the most neurotoxic
organic (methyl)
43
what is minamata disease
a neurological syndrome caused by severe methylmercury poisoning
44
what organ system is most affected by mercury vapour
CNS
45
how is mercury excreted from the body
mainly urine and faeces
46
what is a classic renal lesion in mercury poisoning
renal tubular necrosis
47
what is the main organ affected by bleomycin toxicity
lungs
48
what is the hallmark tox of bleomycin
pulmonary fibrosis
49
what skin side effect is associated with bleomycin
hyperpigmentation
50
why is bleomycin less toxic to the liver and bone
low levels of bleomycin hydrolase in lungs and skin, more in liver/bone marrow
51
what is a risk factor for bleomycin-induced lung tox
high dose, older age, prior lung disease
52
what is the mechanism of bleomycin toxicity
DNA strand breaks via free radical formation
53
what enzyme do organophosphates inhibit
AChE
54
what is the result of AChE inhibition
accumulation of ACh at synapses
55
3 muscarinic symptoms of organophosphate poisoning
SLUDGE (salivation, lacrimation, urination)
56
3 nicotinic symptoms of organophosphate poisoning
muscle fasciculations, weakness, paralysis
57
what CNS effects can organophosphates cause
confusion, seizures, coma
58
what is the antidote for organophosphate poisoning
atropine (muscarinic antagonist) and oximes (regenerates ACh)
59
what is the aging phenomenon in organophosphate poisoning
irreversible binding of organophosphate to AChE over time
60
what is the typical cause of death in severe organophosphate poisoning
respiratory failure
61
how do carbamates differ from organophosphate in enzyme inhibition
carbamates inhibit AChE reversibly
62
are carbamate poisonings usually more or less severe that organophosphate poisonings
less severe and shorter duration
63
what is the main treatment for carbamate poisoning
atropine
64
is oxime indicated for carbamate poisoning
generally not due to reversible inhibition
65
common symptoms of carbamate poisoning
similar to organophosphates - salivation, sweating, GL
66
what occupational group is at risk for carbamate poisoning
agricultural workers
67
what is the most common type of hypersensitivity caused by skin allergens
Type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity
68
name a common metal that causes allergic contact dermatitis
nickel
69
what is a common plant allergen causing allergic contact dermatitis
urushiol (poison ivy)
70
classical clinical feature of allergic contact dermatitis
pruritic, vesicular rash at site of contact
71
how is allergic contact dermatitis diagnosed
patch testing
72
main treatment for allergic contact dermatitis
avoidance and topical corticosteroids
73
can latex cause skin allergy
yes, both type I (immediate) and type IV (delayed)
74
what is the difference between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis
irritant is non-immune, allergic is immune-mediated
75
what is the role of langerhans cells in skin allergy
present allergens to T-cells, initiating immune response
76
what is a classical occupational skin allergen
chromates (cement workers)
77
what is the Koebner phenomenon
development of skin lesions at sites of trauma in susceptible individual (seen in some allergic skin conditions)

Toxicology continued (3 decks)

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