Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pharm III exam 1 > Anticonvulsants > Flashcards

Anticonvulsants Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

seizures typically originate in what part of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

differentiate between partial and generalized seizures

A
  • Partial: begin in focused area in the cortex that may spread throughout the brain. Partial seizures often develop years after head injury or stroke
  • Generalized: generally involve both hemispheres from the outset
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the three types of partial seizures

A
  • Simple partial: jerking, lasting about 60 sec, preservation of consciousness, minimal spread
  • Complex partial: impairment of consciousness <2 min, automatic movements such as lip smacking or hand wringing; originates from the temporal lobe, often involves the limbic system
  • Partial with secondary generalized tonic-clonic: originates as a partial seizure and develops into tonic-clonic; loss of consciousness, muscle contractions alternating with relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe simple partial seizures

A
  • focal
  • brief (< 90 sec)
  • no loss of consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe complex partial seizures

A
  • last < 2 min
  • altered or loss of consciousness; hallucination
  • begin in temporal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe partial with secondary generalized tonic-clonic

A
  • originates as a partial seizure and develops into tonic-clonic;
  • loss of consciousness
  • muscle contractions alternating with relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the four types of generalized seizures

A
  1. Tonic-clonic (grand mal)
  2. Absence (petit mal)
  3. Myoclonic
  4. Atonic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe a Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure

A
  • loss of consciousness
  • muscle contractions, urinary incontinence
  • Tonic rigidity followed by tremor followed by clonic violent jerking of body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe a absence generalized seizure

A
  • 10-30 sec
  • loss of awareness but not consciousness
  • staring, cease activity; may be some mild clonic movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe a myoclonic generalized seizure

A
  • brief shock-like muscle contraction, may be part of one extremity or general
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe an atonic generalized seizure

A
  • sudden loss of postural tone
  • patient can fall down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anticonvulsants act on GABA to

A
  • goal is to increase GABA inhibitory activity
    • ​protects against both generalized and partial seizures
    • experimental blockade of GABA receptors causes seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MOA (4) of drugs that affect GABA neurotransmission and act as anticonvulsants

A
  1. block GABA re-uptake
  2. Inhibit GABA metabolism
  3. Stimulate GABAA receptors
  4. binds synaptic vesicular protein; SV2A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Goal of drugs that affect Glutamate and act as anticonvulsants.

A
  • activation of glutamate receptors (NMDA) causes seizures
  • goal is to decrease excitatory glutamate activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

common targets of drugs that inhibit glutamate activity

A
  • ​voltage gated Na+ channels
    • targets rapidly firing neurons
  • thalamic Ca2+ channels
    • T-type Ca2+ channels are overactive in absence seizure
  • SV2A
    • ​increase GABA release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which 3 anti seizure drugs induce CYP450s

A
  • Phenytoin
  • Carbamazepine
  • Phenobarbital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MOA of Phenytoin (Dilantin)

A
  • Prolongs inactivation of Na+ channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Phenytoin (Dilantin) and Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) treats what type of seizures

A
  • partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures
    • not effective for absence seizures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MOA of Fosphenytoin

A
  • prolongs inactivation of Na+ channels
    • Blocks high-frequency repetitive firing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

route of administration of Fosphenytoin

A

injectable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Elimination of Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin is

A
  • Dose dependent
    • ​first order metabolism occurs at low doses
    • therapeutic range and higher doses, liver reaches maximum capacity, and metabolism becomes zero-order.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Side effects of Phenytoin (dilantin)

A
  • gingival hyperplasia
  • risk of stevens johnson syndrome
  • pregnancy-category D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DOC for parital seizures

A

Carbamazepine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MOA of Carbamazepine

Study These Flashcards
A
  • inhibits Na+ channels and decreases transmitter release
25
side effects of Carbamazepine
* diplopia * ataxia * stevens johnson syndrome * pregnancy category D
26
MOA of Phenobarbital
* Prolongs opening of chloride channel at GABA receptor
27
Phenobarbital is used in treatment of what type of seizures
* parital seizures * generalized tonic-clonic seizures
28
MOA of Gabapentin
* **GABA analog** * but does not act on GABA receptor * may increase GABA release
29
Uses of Gabapentin
* adjunct for partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures * neuropathic pain
30
drug interactions with Gabapentin
Negligible
31
Levetiracetam (Keppra) is used to treat what type of seizures
* Partial * myoclonic * tonic-clonic
32
MOA of Levetiracetam (Keppra)
* binds to synaptic vesicular protein (SV2A) * decreases glutamate and increases GABA release
33
MOA of Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
* voltage dependent inactivation of Na+ channels
34
Lamotrigine (Lamictal) is used to treat what type of seizures
* **Partial seizures**
35
side effects of Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
* skin rash and **stevens-johnson syndrome**
36
Topiramate (Topamax) is commonly used to treat what type of seizure disorder
* partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures
37
MOA of Topiramate (Topamax)
* Blocks Na+ channels
38
side effects of Topiramate (Topamax)
* acute myopia/glaucoma
39
Tiagabine is used to treat what type of seizures
* adjunct treatment for partial seizures
40
MOA of Tiagabine
* inhibits reuptake of GABA (GAT-1) * enhances GABA activity
41
Vigabatrin is used to treat what type of seizures
* **refractory complex partial seizures** * infantile spasm (west's syndrome)
42
MOA of Vigabatrin
* irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase * decreases GABA metabolism and enhances activity
43
side effects of Vigabatrin
* visual field problems/ retinal damage
44
DOC for absence seizures
Ethosuximide
45
MOA of Ethosuximide
* inhibits T-type Ca2+ channels
46
side effects of Ethosuximide
* hiccup * stevens johnsons syndrome
47
second choice for absence seizures
Valproic acid
48
Valproic acid is used to treat what type of seizures
* absence seizures * myoclonic seizures * mixed sz
49
MOA of Valproic acid
* blocks Ca2+ channels and Na+ channels
50
side effects of Valproic acid
* hepatotoxicity * pregnancy category D * alopecia
51
Clonazepam is a BZ that is used to treat what types of seizures
* absence seizures
52
adverse effects of Clonazepam
* sedation * tolerance for anti-sz effect may occur
53
DOC status epilepticus
Diazepam
54
MOA of Diazepam and Lorazepam
* Benzodiazepines * stimulate GABA channel
55
adverse effects of Diazepam and Lorazepam
pregnancy category D
56
What anti-seizure medications have the highest risk to produce stevens johnson syndrome
* phenytoin * Lamotrigine * Carbamezapine * Valproate
57
what is stevens johnson syndrome
* toxic epidermal necrolysis
58
which Drugs are used in absence seizures
* Ethosuximide (Zarontin®) * Valproic acid (Depakene®) * Clonazepam (Klonopin®)

pharm III exam 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions