Antidepressants & ECT I

Question 1

Decreased levels of what are found in patients who are prone to impulsive, violent suicidal acts?

Answer 1

CSF 5 HIAA

Question 2

What chromosome is serotonin transporter gene (SERT) found on?

Answer 2

Chromosome 17

Question 3

What functional polymorphism is found in promoter region of SERT gene? What condition results from people with the ss genotype?

Answer 3

44 base pair insertion (long - l) or deletion (short -s)

Depression or suicidal depression

Question 4

Depletion of what amino acid can transiently reverse antidepressant response and cause short lived return of depressive symptoms?

Answer 4

Tryptophan

Question 5

What part of the brain is densely innervated by both noradrenergic and dopamine systems?

Answer 5

Prefrontal cortex

Question 6

What neurotransmitter is involved in process of working memory to regulate behavior and attention?

Answer 6

Norepinephrine

Question 7

What neurotransmitter is involved in acquisition of emotionally arousing memories?

Answer 7

Norepinephrine

Question 8

What neurotransmitter modulates amygdala in such a way as to strengthen memory consolidation and fear conditioning?

Answer 8

Norepinephrine

Question 9

What types of dopamine receptors are more likely to be found in limbic areas?

Answer 9

D3 and D4

Question 10

What types of dopamine receptors are found more widely in brain and are predominant subtype in striatum?

Answer 10

D1 and D2

Question 11

Related to motor function

Answer 11

Nigrostriatal

Question 12

Related to reward and motivation

Answer 12

Mesolimbic

Question 13

Related to memory and attention

Answer 13

Mesoortical

Question 14

Related to reinforcing properties of variety of drugs of abuse and pleasurable activities

Answer 14

Mesolimbic to nucleus accumbens

Question 15

What neurotransmitter has a role in promoting interest and motivation?

Answer 15

Dopamine

Question 16

Rapid, but transient improvement in mood has been reported in some depressed patients after acute administration of a _____

Answer 16

amphetamine

Question 17

Patients with a major depressive disorder have what conditions within their hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis?

Answer 17

hypercortisolemia, adrenal gland hypertrophy

Question 18

What effects on hypothalamic pituitary axis can cause depression?

Answer 18

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism because they can induce change in receptor density in particular brain regions

Question 19

What hormone directly influences neuronal excitability and cholinergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission

Answer 19

TRH

Question 20

What anatomical pathologies are seen in cerebral cortex?

Answer 20

Reductions in neuronal density and size of some populations of neurons

Question 21

Depression is LARGELY associated with atrophy of what part of the brain?

Answer 21

Hippocampus

Question 22

What is one neurotropin upregulated by antidepressants?

Answer 22

BDNF - brain derived neurotropic factor

Question 23

What three neurotransmitters are increased by anti-depressants?

Answer 23

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

Question 24

What is the time frame for clinical effectiveness for antidepressants? Why does it take this long?

Answer 24

Two-three weeks

Changes in gene regulation

Question 25

Antidepressants are associated with inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes in what systems?

Answer 25

2D6 (hydrolyzes hydrocodone into active form), 3A3, and 3A4