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Antidotal Measures in Poisoning & Specific Antidotes Flashcards

(66 cards)

1
Q

An ________ is uncommon, and it is
sometimes impossible to understand whether it is the
result of a genetic predisposition or has some other cause
such as the status of the immune system.

A

idiosyncratic response

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2
Q

______ binds to the enzyme cytochrome
oxidase resulting in cellular hypoxia and rapid death.

A

Hydrogen cyanide

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3
Q

______ binds to cholinergic receptors in the central
nervous system (CNS) altering nerve conduction and
inducing gradual onset of paralysis.

A

Nicotine

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4
Q

The ______ is the most important and critical factor in
determining if a substance will be an acute or a chronic
toxicant.

A

dosage

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5
Q

The way an individual comes in contact with a toxic
substance, or ______, is important in determining
toxicity.

A

exposure route

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6
Q

________ refers to species differences in toxicity between
two species simultaneously exposed. This is the basis for the
effectiveness of pesticides and drugs.

A

Selective toxicity

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7
Q

Metabolism, also known as _______, is the
conversion of a chemical from one form to another by a
biological organism.

A

biotransformation

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8
Q

In ______, a xenobiotic is converted to a less
toxic form. This is a natural defense mechanism of the
organism.

A

detoxification

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9
Q

In ________, a xenobiotic may be converted to
more reactive or toxic forms.

A

bioactivation

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10
Q

The _______ of toxicants and toxic metabolites
throughout the body ultimately determines the sites where
toxicity occurs.

A

distribution

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11
Q

A major determinant of whether a toxicant
will damage cells is its ______

A

lipid solubility

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12
Q

_______ counteracts poisoning by
organophosphate insecticides

A

atropine

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13
Q

______ may enhance the effect of many antihistamines and
sedatives

A

Alcohol

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14
Q

A synergistic interaction between the antioxidant _______ and a certain concentration of oxygen
results in lung damage in the form of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.

A

butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT)

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15
Q

Types of Poisoning

A
  1. Deliberate
  2. Accidental
  3. Environmental
  4. Industrial exposures
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16
Q

First priorities in management of poisoning are:

A

ABC’s
(Airways, Breathing, & Circulation)

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17
Q

Unresponsive patients treated empirically with coma
cocktail

A

Oxygen, naloxone, dextrose 50W (D50W), and 100mg
thiamine

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18
Q

Emesis is achieved by

A

syrup of ipecac

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19
Q

Orogastric lavage is achieved by

A

36-40 French tube used in adults and
22-24 French tube in children

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20
Q

_____ should be used before withdrawal of tube

A

Charcoal

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21
Q

Toxin Adsorption in Gut

A

Activated Charcoal
Multiple Dose-activated charcoal
Cathartics
Whole-Bowel irrigation

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22
Q

Most appropriate agent to decontaminate GI tract

A

Activated charcoal

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23
Q

Indications for multi-dose activated charcoal:

A

ingestion
of large doses, substances that form bezoars, slow release
toxins, toxins that slow gut function, toxins with
enterohepatic or enteroenteric circulation.

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24
Q

Cathartics

A

70% sorbitol (1g/kg) or 10% magnesium citrate

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25
Enhanced Elimination
Alkalinization Forced diuresis Hemodialysis/Hemoperfusion
26
Bene¬cial in certain ingestions: 2-4-D (herbicide), phenobarbital, chlorpropamide, salicylates, methanol
Alkalinization
27
Dialysis reserved for speci¬c toxins: salicylates, methanol, ethylene glycol, lithium, theophylline, amanita (mushrooms)
Hemodialysis
28
Used for decontamination of patient’s systemic circulation Involves placing a filter filled with activated charcoal into dialysis circuit
Hemoperfusion
29
A substance that can counteract a form of poisoning
Antidote
30
Antidotes for anticoagulants are referred to as _____
reversal agents
31
The antidotes for some particular toxins are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting antibodies from the host animals’ blood.
antivenom
32
_____ (universal antidote) is used for most oral toxins or nonspecific poisons.
Activated charcoal
33
______ is used for black widow spider bite poisoning.
Calcium chloride
34
______ is used for Acetaminophen and Paracetamol poisoning.
Acetylcysteine
35
_____ is used for Benzodiazepine overdose.
Flumazenil
36
_____ is used for opioid poisoning.
Naloxone
37
______ is used for carbamate and organophosphate
Atropine sulfate
38
______ is used for inorganic mercury, gold, and arsenic toxicity.
Dimercaprol
39
______ is used for drug-induced methemoglobinemia.
Methylene blue
40
______ is used for Digoxin toxicity
Digoxin immune fab
41
______ is used for anti-cholinesterase poisoning.
Pralidoxime
42
_____ are used for fluoride toxicity.
Calcium salts
43
______ is used for Ergotamine toxicity
Heparin
44
_______ is used for cobra bites
Snake antivenom
45
______ for cyanide toxicity.
Sodium thiosulfate
46
______ for mercury toxicity
Vitamin C
47
_____ is used to reduce the toxicity caused by alcohol poisoning.
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
48
______ for poisoning due to chlorine gas inhalation.
Sodium bicarbonate
49
______ is used for Heparin toxicity.
Protamine sulfate
50
______ is used for arsenic, gold, lead, zinc, and copper toxicity.
Penicillamine
51
______ is used for Cyclophosphamide toxicity
Mesna
52
_______ is used for toxicity due to iron.
Deferoxamine
53
______ for Theophylline toxicity
Beta-blockers
54
_____ can be used for thallium toxicity.
Prussian blue
55
_______ are used for toxicity due to local anesthetic agents.
Intralipids
56
_______ for carbon monoxide and Cyanide poisoning.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)
57
______ for toxicity due to Warfarin overdose.
Fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K (phytomenadione)
58
Chelators like _______ for toxicity due to heavy metal poisoning.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA)
59
______ for toxicity due to serotonin drugs (serotonin syndrome).
Cyproheptadine
60
_______ are used to reduce the extrapyramidal reactions caused by antipsychotic drugs.
Benztropine (INN) and Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH)
61
______ for toxicity due to oral hypoglycemic (low blood glucose levels) drugs
Octreotide
62
______ is used for toxicity due to calcium channel blocker drugs and burns due to hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride and water).
Calcium gluconate
63
_______ for toxicity due to ammonia and urea
Five percent acetic acid (vinegar)
64
______ for Amitraz toxicity
Yohimbine or Atipamezole
65
_______ for Cholecalciferol toxicity
Pamidronate sodium or bisphosphonate
66
________ for toxicity due to Ethylene glycol
4-Methylpyrazole or Ethanol