Antidotal Measures in Poisoning & Specific Antidotes

Question 1

An ________ is uncommon, and it is
sometimes impossible to understand whether it is the
result of a genetic predisposition or has some other cause
such as the status of the immune system.

Answer 1

idiosyncratic response

Question 2

______ binds to the enzyme cytochrome
oxidase resulting in cellular hypoxia and rapid death.

Answer 2

Hydrogen cyanide

Question 3

______ binds to cholinergic receptors in the central
nervous system (CNS) altering nerve conduction and
inducing gradual onset of paralysis.

Answer 3

Nicotine

Question 4

The ______ is the most important and critical factor in
determining if a substance will be an acute or a chronic
toxicant.

Answer 4

dosage

Question 5

The way an individual comes in contact with a toxic
substance, or ______, is important in determining
toxicity.

Answer 5

exposure route

Question 6

________ refers to species differences in toxicity between
two species simultaneously exposed. This is the basis for the
effectiveness of pesticides and drugs.

Answer 6

Selective toxicity

Question 7

Metabolism, also known as _______, is the
conversion of a chemical from one form to another by a
biological organism.

Answer 7

biotransformation

Question 8

In ______, a xenobiotic is converted to a less
toxic form. This is a natural defense mechanism of the
organism.

Answer 8

detoxification

Question 9

In ________, a xenobiotic may be converted to
more reactive or toxic forms.

Answer 9

bioactivation

Question 10

The _______ of toxicants and toxic metabolites
throughout the body ultimately determines the sites where
toxicity occurs.

Answer 10

distribution

Question 11

A major determinant of whether a toxicant
will damage cells is its ______

Answer 11

lipid solubility

Question 12

_______ counteracts poisoning by
organophosphate insecticides

Answer 12

atropine

Question 13

______ may enhance the effect of many antihistamines and
sedatives

Answer 13

Alcohol

Question 14

A synergistic interaction between the antioxidant _______ and a certain concentration of oxygen
results in lung damage in the form of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.

Answer 14

butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Question 15

Types of Poisoning

Answer 15

1. Deliberate
2. Accidental
3. Environmental
4. Industrial exposures

Question 16

First priorities in management of poisoning are:

Answer 16

ABC’s
(Airways, Breathing, & Circulation)

Question 17

Unresponsive patients treated empirically with coma
cocktail

Answer 17

Oxygen, naloxone, dextrose 50W (D50W), and 100mg
thiamine

Question 18

Emesis is achieved by

Answer 18

syrup of ipecac

Question 19

Orogastric lavage is achieved by

Answer 19

36-40 French tube used in adults and
22-24 French tube in children

Question 20

_____ should be used before withdrawal of tube

Answer 20

Charcoal

Question 21

Toxin Adsorption in Gut

Answer 21

Activated Charcoal
Multiple Dose-activated charcoal
Cathartics
Whole-Bowel irrigation

Question 22

Most appropriate agent to decontaminate GI tract

Answer 22

Activated charcoal

Question 23

Indications for multi-dose activated charcoal:

Answer 23

ingestion
of large doses, substances that form bezoars, slow release
toxins, toxins that slow gut function, toxins with
enterohepatic or enteroenteric circulation.

Question 24

Cathartics

Answer 24

70% sorbitol (1g/kg) or 10% magnesium citrate

Question 25

Enhanced Elimination

Answer 25

Alkalinization Forced diuresis Hemodialysis/Hemoperfusion

Question 26

Bene¬cial in certain ingestions: 2-4-D (herbicide), phenobarbital, chlorpropamide, salicylates, methanol

Answer 26

Alkalinization

Question 27

Dialysis reserved for speci¬c toxins: salicylates, methanol, ethylene glycol, lithium, theophylline, amanita (mushrooms)

Answer 27

Hemodialysis

Question 28

Used for decontamination of patient’s systemic circulation Involves placing a filter filled with activated charcoal into dialysis circuit

Answer 28

Hemoperfusion

Question 29

A substance that can counteract a form of poisoning

Answer 29

Antidote

Question 30

Antidotes for anticoagulants are referred to as _____

Answer 30

reversal agents

Question 31

The antidotes for some particular toxins are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting antibodies from the host animals’ blood.

Answer 31

antivenom

Question 32

_____ (universal antidote) is used for most oral toxins or nonspecific poisons.

Answer 32

Activated charcoal

Question 33

______ is used for black widow spider bite poisoning.

Answer 33

Calcium chloride

Question 34

______ is used for Acetaminophen and Paracetamol poisoning.

Answer 34

Acetylcysteine

Question 35

_____ is used for Benzodiazepine overdose.

Answer 35

Flumazenil

Question 36

_____ is used for opioid poisoning.

Answer 36

Naloxone

Question 37

______ is used for carbamate and organophosphate

Answer 37

Atropine sulfate

Question 38

______ is used for inorganic mercury, gold, and arsenic toxicity.

Answer 38

Dimercaprol

Question 39

______ is used for drug-induced methemoglobinemia.

Answer 39

Methylene blue

Question 40

______ is used for Digoxin toxicity

Answer 40

Digoxin immune fab

Question 41

______ is used for anti-cholinesterase poisoning.

Answer 41

Pralidoxime

Question 42

_____ are used for fluoride toxicity.

Answer 42

Calcium salts

Question 43

______ is used for Ergotamine toxicity

Answer 43

Heparin

Question 44

_______ is used for cobra bites

Answer 44

Snake antivenom

Question 45

______ for cyanide toxicity.

Answer 45

Sodium thiosulfate

Question 46

______ for mercury toxicity

Answer 46

Vitamin C

Question 47

_____ is used to reduce the toxicity caused by alcohol poisoning.

Answer 47

Thiamine (vitamin B1)

Question 48

______ for poisoning due to chlorine gas inhalation.

Answer 48

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 49

______ is used for Heparin toxicity.

Answer 49

Protamine sulfate

Question 50

______ is used for arsenic, gold, lead, zinc, and copper toxicity.

Answer 50

Penicillamine

Question 51

______ is used for Cyclophosphamide toxicity

Answer 51

Mesna

Question 52

_______ is used for toxicity due to iron.

Answer 52

Deferoxamine

Question 53

______ for Theophylline toxicity

Answer 53

Beta-blockers

Question 54

_____ can be used for thallium toxicity.

Answer 54

Prussian blue

Question 55

_______ are used for toxicity due to local anesthetic agents.

Answer 55

Intralipids

Question 56

_______ for carbon monoxide and Cyanide poisoning.

Answer 56

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)

Question 57

______ for toxicity due to Warfarin overdose.

Answer 57

Fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K (phytomenadione)

Question 58

Chelators like _______ for toxicity due to heavy metal poisoning.

Answer 58

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA)

Question 59

______ for toxicity due to serotonin drugs (serotonin syndrome).

Answer 59

Cyproheptadine

Question 60

_______ are used to reduce the extrapyramidal reactions caused by antipsychotic drugs.

Answer 60

Benztropine (INN) and Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH)

Question 61

______ for toxicity due to oral hypoglycemic (low blood glucose levels) drugs

Answer 61

Octreotide

Question 62

______ is used for toxicity due to calcium channel blocker drugs and burns due to hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride and water).

Answer 62

Calcium gluconate

Question 63

_______ for toxicity due to ammonia and urea

Answer 63

Five percent acetic acid (vinegar)

Question 64

______ for Amitraz toxicity

Answer 64

Yohimbine or Atipamezole

Question 65

_______ for Cholecalciferol toxicity

Answer 65

Pamidronate sodium or bisphosphonate

Question 66

________ for toxicity due to Ethylene glycol

Answer 66

4-Methylpyrazole or Ethanol