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Microbiology Lecture > ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY > Flashcards

ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

a part of the history of chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

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2
Q

the use of chemicals (drugs) to treat any disease or condition

A

Chemotherapy

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3
Q

he discovered penicillin, produced by Penicillium

A

Fleming

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4
Q

P. notatum was soon replaced by

A

P. chrysogenum

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5
Q

caused ”_______” to S. aureus on his plate

A

antibiosis

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6
Q

performed the first clinical trials of penicillin

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

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7
Q

Microorganism
Gram-Positive Rods

Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus polymyxa

A

Antibiotic
Gram-Positive Rods

Bacitracin
Polymyxin

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8
Q

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Streptomyces nodosus
Streptomyces venezuelae

A

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Amphotericin B
Chloramphenicol

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9
Q

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Streptomyces aureofaciens
Streptomyces erythraeus

A

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Chlortetracycline and tetracycline
Erythromycin

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10
Q

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Streptomyces fradiae
Streptomyces griseus
Micromonospora purpureae

A

Microorganism
Actinomycetes

Neomycin
Streptomycin
Gentamicin

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11
Q

Microorganism
Fungi

Cephalosporium spp.
Penicillium griseofulvum
Penicillium notatum

A

Microorganism
Fungi

Cephalothin
Griseofulvin
Penicillin

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12
Q

adverse effects of antibiotics

A

Diarrhea
Superinfections
Nephrotoxic
Ototoxic
Neurotoxic
Hepatotoxic (aminoglycosides, quinolones)

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13
Q

T or F

allergy to penicillin is 0.7% to 1.0% of patients

A

true

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14
Q

antibiotics which are not for pregnant women and children

A

tetracycline

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15
Q

antibiotics which can cause drug-induced lupus

A

isoniazid

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16
Q

T or F

suppression and alteration of microflora is another drawback of antibiotics

A

true

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17
Q

two types of spectrum drugs

A

narrow-spectrum drug
broad-spectrum drug

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18
Q

antimicrobial that act on a limited number of
microbial species

A

narrow-spectrum drug

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19
Q

valuable for non-responsive pathogens to broad spectrum

A

narrow-spectrum drug

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20
Q

act on a wide range of species with wider medical use

A

broad-spectrum drug

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21
Q

modes of action of antibiotics

A

bactericidal or bacteriostatic

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22
Q

damage to cell membranes

A

bring about changes in permeability

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23
Q

damage to cell membranes
Polymyxin B binds to

A

phospholipids

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24
Q

antifungal drugs combine with _______ in the fungal plasma membrane

A

sterols (ergosterol)

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25
INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Binds to 50S portion and inhibits the formation of peptide bond
Chloramphenicol (streptomyces venezeula)
26
INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Binds to 50S portion, prevents translocation-movement of ribosome along mRNA
Erythromycin (streptomyces erythraeus)
27
INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Interfere with the attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex
Tetracyclines (streptomyces aureofaciens)
28
INTERFERENCE WITH NUCLEIC ACID bactericidal compounds that inhibit bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating through inhibition of the topoisomerase II ligase domain.
Quinolones
29
INTERFERENCE WITH NUCLEIC ACID this leads to _______ and by catalyzing the passage of DNA segments within the cuts before closing them and though leading to rapid cell death
transitory DNA fragmentation
30
competitive inhibitors
Sulfa drugs Sulfonamides Trimethoprim
31
widely used growth factor analog
sulfa drugs
32
simplest sulfa drugs
sulfonamides
33
sulfonamides factors
Analog of PABA Inhibit folic acid synthesis Broad spectrum
34
used in combination making resistance a rare occurrence
Trimethoprim
35
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
B-Lactam Antibiotics Monobactams Cephalosporins Carbapenems Polypeptide
36
Produced from a G (-) bacterium, Chromobacterium violaceum
Monobactams
37
a G (-) bacterium
Chromobacterium violaceum
38
Active against aerobic G (-) bacteria
monobactams
39
Not inactivated by penicillinases or cephalosporinases
monobactams
40
Wide spectrum of antibacterial activity
carbapenems
41
Inhibits aerobic and anaerobic G(+) & G(-) bacteria, including those that produce ß-lactamases.
carbapenems
42
asemisynthetic carbapenem produced by chemical modification of thienamycin.
Imipenem
43
2nd, 3rd , and 4th generations more effective against gram-negatives
cephalosporins
44
core compound of cephalosporins
7- aminocephalosporanic acid
45
Produced from the Cephalosporium (now reclassified as Acremonium)
cephaosporin
46
Binds irreversibly to PBPs and resistant to B-lactamases
cephalosporin
47
Anti-mycobacterium antibiotics
Isoniazid Ethambutol
48
Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
Isoniazid
49
Inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid, a secondary drug
Ethambutol
50
inhibitors of protein synthesis
aminoglycosides tetracyclines & macrolides chloramphenicol
51
Broad spectrum Changes shape of 30S subunit
aminoglycosides
52
Streptomcyin is
neurotoxic and nephrotoxic
53
Broad spectrum Interferes with tRNA attachment Widely used in veterinary medicine; nutritional supplements for poultry and swine
Tetracyclines
54
against gram-positives Binds 50S, prevents translocation Erythromycin – best known Broadspectrum
Macrolides
55
Broad spectrum Binds 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation Adverse: Suppression of bone marrow activity
Chloramphenicol
56
Binds 50S subunit, prevents formation of 70S ribosome Gram-positives
Oxazolidinones
57
Binds 50S subunit, inhibits translation
Streptogramins and Synercid
58
while effective against 70S only affects mitochondrial 70S at higher concentrations
Tetracycline
59
T or F lipids most inhibits only ribosomes of one phylogenetic domain
false, proteins
60
50 CELLS ATe 30 ribosomes
CELLS = 50 RIBOSOMES C = chloramphenicol E = erythromycin (macroslides) L = lincosamodes L = linezolid S = streptogramins ATe = 30 A = aminoglycosides T = tetracycline
61
POLYMYXIN B: INJURY TO THE
plasma membrane
62
From B. polymyxa
POLYMYXIN B
63
Bactericidal by interfering with bacterial cell membrane phospholipids and disrupting their structure.
POLYMYXIN B
64
Effective against gram-negative bacteria Topical Combined with bacitracin and neomycinin over-the-counter preparation
POLYMYXIN B
65
primarily target the bacterial membrane and disrupt them, causing lethality
Polymyxins
66
polymyxin bind also to and disrupt the negatively charged ______
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
67
polymyxin bind also to and disrupt the negatively charged lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing the passage of the polymyxin (and of other drugs) into the
periplasmic space.
68
cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in humans, limiting their usability.
polymyxin b
69
antifungal agents mode of action
By inhibition of cell wall synthesis By binding with cell membrane sterols By interfering with sterol synthesis By blocking mitosis (microtubules) By inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
70
antiprotozoal agents modes of action
Interfering with DNA or RNA synthesis Interfering with protozoal metabolism
71
antiprotozoan
Quinine (anti-malaria) Quinacrine (anti-giardiasis) Iodoquinol (anti-amoeba) Metronidazole (anti-anaerobic)
72
two types of Quinine (anti-malaria)
Chloroquine Mefloquine
73
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: ENZYME INHIBITORS Protease inhibitors
Indinavir: HIV
74
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: ENZYME INHIBITORS Inhibit attachment
Zanamivir: Influenza
75
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: ENZYME INHIBITORS Inhibit uncoating
Amantadine: Influenza
76
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: ENZYME INHIBITORS Interferons prevent spread of viruses to new cells
Viral hepatitis

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