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Pharmacology > Antimicrobial Medications > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Medications Flashcards

1
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics benefits

A

target a wide range of bacteria. They are useful when the exact bacteria is not certain.

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2
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics negatives

A

hey can kill helpful bacteria (normal flora), causing a new infection that is difficult to treat. We call this a superinfection.

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3
Q

narrow-spectrum antibiotics

A

kill a more limited range of bacteria but are less likely to cause superinfections.

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4
Q

you should collect the _____ before starting _____

A

cultures; antibiotics

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5
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

bacteria w/ very thick cell walls. When viewing these under a microscope, these bacteria absorb a stain (crystal violet).

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6
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

bacteria w/ thin cell walls that do not absorb the stain

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7
Q

bactericidal antibiotics

A

kills the bacteria

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8
Q

bacteriostatic

A

stop bacterias growth
-help a person’s immune system in defeating the bacteria, but they don’t actually kill the microbes. That means these antibiotics won’t work very well if a person is immunosuppressed (e.g., has AIDS or is on chemotherapy).

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9
Q

Penicillins you should know

A
  1. Amoxicillin
  2. Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
  3. Penicillin G
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10
Q

Which medication medications end in the suffix -cillin

A

Penicillins

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11
Q

Penicillin Common Uses

A

-Amoxicillin treats upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., ear infections and strep throat).
-Amoxicillin plus clavulanate also treats certain types of pneumonia, bacterial sinusitis, urinary tract infections, and bite wounds.
-Penicillin G comes in different parenteral formulations (aqueous, procaine, benzathine). Two common indications are upper respiratory tract infections and syphilis.

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12
Q

Penicillins are the most common cause of ______ drug reactions

A

allergic

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13
Q

it’s common practice to have clients in a clinic stay about ____ minutes after a penicillin injection for observation.

A

30

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14
Q

common signs of an allergic reaction

A

hives, rash, itching, and swelling

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15
Q

signs of anaphylaxis

A

nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, and loss of consciousness

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16
Q

if there is an allergic response to IV antibiotic infusion…

A

-the first step is to stop the infusion.
-the primary treatment for anaphylaxis is epinepherine.

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17
Q

Cephalosporins you should know

A
  1. Cephalexin
  2. Cefdinir
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18
Q

which medications begin with the prefix ceph- and cef-

A

Cephalosporins

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19
Q

Cephalosporins Common Uses

A

cephalosporins treat upper respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin infections. Cefdinir can also treat bronchitis and pneumonia.

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20
Q

if a person is allergic to penicillin, there is a 1% chance that they are also allergic to

A

cephalosporins
-called cross-sensitivity

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21
Q

cephalosporins cause superinfection that result in what disease

A

Clostridium difficile

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22
Q

What orders should you anticipate receiving if a patient has C. difficile?

A

Stop (the cephalosporin), swap (the hand sanitizer for soap and water), and metronidazole (antibiotic that kills C Diff).

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23
Q

Tetracyclines You Should Know

A
  1. Doxycycline
    2.Minocycline
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24
Q

Which medication ends in the suffix -cycline?

A

Tetracyclines

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25
Q

Tetracyclines common uses

A

skin infections, acne vulgaris, certain types of pneumonia, certain STDs, and several unique infections (e.g., anthrax, plague, lyme disease).

26
Q

Clients should not ingest what within 2 hours of taking a tetracycline?

A

milk, dairy products, calcium, iron supplements, magnesium-containing laxatives, and antacid

27
Q

Bc tetracyclines can cause esophageal ulcers, how should clients take the medication?

A

they should take it with a full glass of water and not lie down for at least 30 minutes.

28
Q

Why should tetracyclines not be used in children less than 8 Or by pregnant women?

A

they can permanently discolor teeth that are still being formed.

29
Q

Macrolides You Should Know

A

1.Azithromycin
2. Erythromycin

30
Q

Which medications suffix end in -mycin?

A

Macrolides
-however suffix not specific to this medication

31
Q

Macrolides common uses

A

upper and lower respiratory tract infections.

32
Q

macrolides can cause a ______ taste

A

metallic or other taste distortions

33
Q

What harmful side effects are associated with macrolides?

A

hepatotoxicity and prolonged QT levels

34
Q

What harmful side effects are associated with macrolides?

A

hepatotoxicity and prolonged QT levels

35
Q

Aminoglycosides You Should Know

A
  1. Gentamicin
  2. Tobramycin
36
Q

Aminoglycosides Common Uses

A

treat serious infections due to aerobic gram-negative bacilli.

37
Q

AmiNOglycosides High Yield Concepts

A

-Nephrotoxicity (monitor Is & Os, Bun, and creatinine)
-Ototoxicity (clients need to report tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea, dizziness, and vertigo.)
-inactivation by penicillin if mixed together

38
Q

Fluoroquinolones You Should Know

A
  1. Ciprofloxacin
  2. Levofloxacin
39
Q

Which medication ends in the suffix -floxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones

40
Q

Fluoroquinolones Common Uses

A

-ciprofloxacin is commonly prescribed for traveler’s diarrhea and urinary tract infections (UTIs).
-Levofloxacin treats UTIs, pneumonia, and bacterial sinusitis.

41
Q

Fluoroquinolones High Yield Concepts

A

-Achilles Tendon Rupture (clients should report tendon or joint pain/ avoid these med in kids and pregnant women)
-clients should avoid milk, dairy products, antacids, or iron when taking this medication

42
Q

UTI Antibiotics You Should Know

A
  1. Nitrofurantoin
  2. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
43
Q

UTI Antibiotics Common Uses

A

-Nitrofurantoin is commonly prescribed for UTIs.
-Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim is prescribed for UTIs, ear infections (otitis media), skin infections, pneumonia, and more.

44
Q

Nitrofurantoin High Yield concepts

A

-GI discomfort (take med with food)
-turns urine a brownish color

45
Q

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim High Yield Concepts

A
  • stop taking the medication and notify their prescriber if they develop a rash as this can sometimes be the beginning of a serious hypersensitivity reaction
    -can crystalize in kidneys (clients should stay well hydrated: @ least 8 cups per day)
    -pregnant women and infants less than two months old must avoid this drug since it can cause dangerous levels of bilirubin to build up in the brain (i.e., kernicterus), causing brain damage and possibly death.
46
Q

Miscellaneous Antibiotics you should know

A
  1. Clindamycin
  2. Metronidazole
  3. Vancomycin
47
Q

Clindamycin Common Uses

A

prescribed for skin infections, dental infections, certain types of pneumonia, and bacterial vaginosis.

48
Q

Metronidazole Common Uses

A

anaerobic bacterial infections, certain vaginal infections (trichomoniasis), and C. difficile diarrhea.

49
Q

Vancomycin Common Uses

A
  • most commonly prescribed antibiotic in U.S. hospitals
    -often prescribed for C. difficile, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and other serious infections cause by susceptible organisms when patients are allergic to penicillins.
50
Q

Clindamycin High Yield Concepts

A

sometimes causes C. difficile. Teach patients to report severe diarrhea (i.e., more than five watery stools per day).

51
Q

Metronidazole High Yield Concepts

A

-can cause a metallic taste distortion.
-also advise clients to avoid alcohol while taking metronidazole as there is some evidence of it could cause a disulfiram-like reaction (nausea, vomiting, fast heartbeat, and flushing of the face).

52
Q

Vancomycin High Yield Concepts

A
  • must be infused slowly and/or premeditate w/ antihistamine (e.g diphenhydramine) to prevent red man syndrome (characterized by red, itchy skin on the face, neck, or upper torso.)
    -nephrotic (check creatine and BUN levels before and after therapy)
    -check vancomycin trough levels
53
Q

Antiviral Medications You Should Know

A
  1. Acyclovir
  2. Oseltamivir
  3. Valacyclovir
54
Q

All ____ medications hav the letters vir in the name

A

antiviral

55
Q

Antiviral Common Uses

A

-Acyclovir and valacyclovir treat various forms of herpes virus (e.g., HSV-1, HSV-2, and shingles).
-Oseltamivir is an oral drug used for the prevention and treatment of influenza.

56
Q

Acyclovir and valacyclovir high yield concepts

A

can crystalize in the kidneys, causing serious damage. So we want patients to be well hydrated when taking either medication

57
Q

Oseltamivir High Yield Concepts

A

-a well-tolerated medication
-must be taken within the first 48 hours of flu symptoms

58
Q

Antifungal Medications You Should Know

A
  1. Fluconazole
  2. Nystatin
59
Q

You can use the suffix -conazole to recognize what?

A

all 14 azole antifungals.

60
Q

Antifungal Medications Common Uses

A

-Fluconazole is prescribed for Candida infections and fungal meningitis.
-Nystatin is prescribed only for Candida infections.

61
Q

Fluconazole High Yield Concepts

A

-usually well tolerated.
- The main issue is that they have numerous drug interactions
- sometimes hepatoxic.

62
Q

Nystatin High Yield Concepts

A

-oral version of nystatin should be stored at room temperature. (This prevents it from crystallizing and losing effectiveness)
-If a client has oral candidiasis (thrush), it’s important to swish it before swallowing
-If you are administering it to an infant, you can put a glove on your hand and spread it around the mouth with your finger.

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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