Antimicrobial Review

Question 1

Give 2 examples of gram + aerobes

Answer 1

staph

strep

Question 2

Give examples of gram - aerobes

Answer 2

GI:
- e. coli
- salmonella
- klebsiella

Resp
- mannheimia
- histophils
- pasturella
- bordatells

pseudomonal

(mycoplasma - no cell wall but killed by similar abx)

Question 3

Give 1 example of gram + anaerobe

Answer 3

clostridia

Question 4

Give 2 examples of gram - anaerobe

Answer 4

fusobacterium

bacteroides

Question 5

Where does staph typically cause infection?

Answer 5

skin
mastitis
ear

Question 6

What abx is not as effective against staph and why?

Answer 6

beta lactams because staph makes beta lactamase

Question 7

Where does strep typically cause infection? In what species is most common?

Answer 7

mastitis
resp

horses

Question 8

Give 4 examples of antibiotics against most gram - aerobes

Answer 8

macrolide

tetracycline

fluoroquinolone

chloramphenicol (not production animals)

Question 9

What abx are effective against pseudomonas

Answer 9

aminoglycosides

fluoroquiniolones

Question 10

What disease is fusobacterium related to

Answer 10

foot rot

Question 11

What type of antibiotic is not effective against bacteroides

Answer 11

beta lactams

make beta lactamase

Question 12

List 2 types of beta lactams

Answer 12

penicillins

cephalosporins

Question 13

List 4 types of penicillins

Answer 13

natural

aaminopencillins

potentiatees aminopenicillins

carbapenems

Question 14

What is the main type of natural penicillins? What is it effective against?

Answer 14

penicillin G

strep
some gram - but not great
anaerobe

Question 15

Give 2 examples of aminopenicillins. What is it effective against?

Answer 15

ampicillin (parenteral)
amoxicillin (PO)

strep
more gram - than natural penicillins
anaerobe

Question 16

What is the main type of potentiated aminopenicillins? What is it effective against?

Answer 16

clavamox

strep
staph
gram -
anaerobe

Question 17

What is the main type of carbapenams? What is it effective against?

Answer 17

imipenems

all categories effective aganist - big gun

Question 18

List 2 main categories of cephalosporins

Answer 18

1st gen

3rd gen

Question 19

What are 2 examples of 1st generation cephalosporins. What is it effective against?

Answer 19

cephalexin
cefazolin

staph/strep

Question 20

What are 2 examples of 3rd generation cephalosporins. What is it effective against?

Answer 20

ceftiofur
cefovecin

staph/strep
gram - aerobe

Question 21

What is the main type of sulfonamide used

Answer 21

potentiated sulfonamides

Question 22

What are 1 example of potentiated sulfonamide. What is it effective against?

Answer 22

trimethoprim sulfa (PO or injectable)

strep
staph (less good)
respiratory gram -

Question 23

Give 2 examples of tetracyclines

Answer 23

oxytetracycline

doxycycline

Question 24

What category drug are tetracyclines

Answer 24

category 3

Question 25

What are tetracyclines effective against

Answer 25

strep staph gram - (respiratory better than GI) all anaerobes good for intracellular pathogens

Question 26

Give 1 example of lincosamides

Answer 26

clindamycin

Question 27

What is clindamycin effective against

Answer 27

strep staph anaerobe good bone and prostate and abcess penetration not gram -

Question 28

Give 2 examples of macrolides

Answer 28

tulathromycin tilmicosin

Question 29

What are macrolides effective against

Answer 29

some gram + respiratory gram - anaerobe accumulate in resp tissues = higher Vd persist for a long time

Question 30

What is one example of fluoroquinolones

Answer 30

enrofloxacin

Question 31

What is a main consideration of tilmicosin

Answer 31

danger!

Question 32

What is enrofloxacin effective against

Answer 32

gram - pseudomonas

Question 33

What are aminoglycosides effective against

Answer 33

gram - aerobes not anaerobes

Question 34

Give 4 examples of aminoglycosides

Answer 34

gentimycin amkacin tobramycin neomycin

Question 35

What is gentimycin effective against

Answer 35

staph gram - aerobe parenteral

Question 36

What is amikacin effective against

Answer 36

staph strep gram - aerobe parenteal

Question 37

What is tobramycin effective against

Answer 37

gram + gram - aerobe topical

Question 38

What are features of aminoglycosides that are important to consider

Answer 38

poor penetration through body barriers do not give systematically to production animals because of long withdrawal - bind renal tubules and persist

Question 39

What are 2 main adverse effects of aminoglycosides

Answer 39

nephrotoxic ototoxic

Question 40

What is the main nitroimidazole

Answer 40

metronidazole

Question 41

What is metronidazole effective against

Answer 41

anaerobe protozoa

Question 42

What are the 2 main phenicols

Answer 42

chloramphenicol florfenicol

Question 43

What is chloramphenicol effective against

Answer 43

strep staph grram - anaerobe not pseudomonas

Question 44

What is a main consideration when using chloramphenicols

Answer 44

risk of non-dose dependent aplastic anemia

Question 45

What is florfenicol effective against

Answer 45

respiratory gram - gram - anaerobes (foot rot)