Antimicrobial Spectrum Flashcards
Which bacteria have LESS resistance and thus easier to kill? (HiPEEL)
H. influenza
P. mirabalis
E. coli
Enterococcus faecalis
Listeria
Which bacteria have MORE resistance and thus harder to kill? (SPACE)
S. aureus (MRSA)
Serratia sp.
P. aeruginosa
Protease, morganella, providencia spp.
Acinetobacter/indole positive.
Citrobater spp
Enterobacter faciam
Which antibiotic classes cover Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)?
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (e.g., nafcillin, oxacillin), first-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin), clindamycin, vancomycin
Which antibiotics cover MRSA?
Vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, ceftaroline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), doxycycline.
What is the drug of choice for Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A strep)?
Penicillin or amoxicillin.
Which antibiotic classes cover Enterococcus species?
Ampicillin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid. For VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus), use daptomycin or linezolid.
What are the gram positive bacteria?
Streptococcus (S. pneumo, Group B strep); S. aureas/Staph/Saprophyticus; Enterococcus; Listeria mono.
What are the gram negative bacteria?
PEK (proteus mirabalis, e. coli, klebsiela), H. influenza, M. cat, N. meningitidis
Which are the atypical bacteria? MCL
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Legionella sp.
What are anaerobes?
Oral anaerobes - peptostreptococcus; B. fragilis; C. diff
Which antibiotics cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, carbapenems (except ertapenem), ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin, tobramycin), polymyxins
What is the antibiotic class of choice for E. coli in urinary tract infections?
Nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), fluoroquinolones.
Which antibiotics cover Haemophilus influenzae?
Amoxicillin-clavulanate, third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone, cefotaxime), azithromycin.
Which antibiotic classes are effective against anaerobes like Bacteroides fragilis?
Metronidazole, carbapenems, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate).
What is the drug of choice for Clostridioides difficile infections?
Oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin.
Which antibiotics cover atypical bacteria like Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella?
Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin), fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin), tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline).
Which antibiotic is used for Rickettsia infections (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
Doxycycline.
Which antibiotic classes have broad-spectrum coverage against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Carbapenems, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate), fluoroquinolones.
Which antibiotic is used as an empiric therapy for sepsis due to its broad-spectrum activity?
Piperacillin-tazobactam or a carbapenem (e.g., meropenem).
Which bacteria are commonly associated with beta-lactamase production?
Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
How does vancomycin resistance develop in Enterococcus (VRE)?
Modification of the D-Ala-D-Ala target site in the bacterial cell wall to D-Ala-D-Lac, reducing vancomycin binding.
Which antibiotics are contraindicated in pregnancy?
Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline), fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, nitrofurantoin (late pregnancy only)
Which antibiotic is safe for use in pregnant women with a urinary tract infection?
Nitrofurantoin (except in late pregnancy) or amoxicillin.
What is the antibiotic of choice for surgical prophylaxis?
cefazolin
