Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > Antimicrobial Therapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Therapy Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

CNS Toxicity

A

PCN, cephalosporins, quinolones, imipenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hematologic toxicity w/ prolonged use

A

Nafcillin, piperacillin, cefotetan, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reversible nephrotoxicity

A

Aminoglycosides & vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Photosensitivity

A

Azithromycin, quinolones, tetracyclines, pyrazinamide, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Penicillins: moa

A

MOA: inhibit the growth of sensitive bacteria by inactivating enzymes located in the bacterial cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PCNs pathogens covered

A

-Gram +, gram -, most anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PCNs ADR & Monitoring

A

hypersensitivity, rash, drug fever, GI effects, hepatitis, interstitial nephritis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, Coomb’s (+) hemolytic anemia, C.Diff, electrolyte changes, seizures
-monitor: hypersensitivity reactions, renal function, hepatic function, CBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PCN drugs

A
  • Broad spectrum
  • Amoxicillin
  • Ampicillin
  • Dicloxacillin
  • Nafcillin
  • Oxacillin
  • Penicillin G, V (more narrow)
  • Piperacillin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cephalosporins MOA

A

inhibit the growth of sensitive bacteria by inactivating enzymes located in the bacterial cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cephalosporin common pathogens covered

A

5 generations with increasing coverage; gram (+) cocci (minus enterococcus), gram (-) coverage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cephalosporin ADR & Monitoring

A

hypersensitivity, rash, drug fever, GI effects, hepatitis, interstitial nephritis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, Coomb’s (+) hemolytic anemia, C.Diff, coagulopathy

  • monitoring: hypersensitivity reactions & rash, renal function, hepatic function, CBC
  • Of note: do not use in patients with hx of IgE mediated allergy to PCN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List of Cephalosporin Drugs 1st generation

A
  • Good for bone infections, ear infections, skin infections, URIs and UTIs
  • Cephalexin (keflex, Biocef)
  • cefadroxil (Duricef)
  • cephradine (Panixine)
  • cefazolin (ancef)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cephalosporin drugs: 2nd generation

A
  • Bone & joint infections, gynecological, intra-abdominal, lower respiratory, skin and skin structures infections, UTIs
  • More active against gram negative
  • cefuroxime (Ceftin)
  • cefprozil (Cefzil)
  • cefoxitin (Mefoxin)
  • cefuroxime (Zinacef)
  • cefotetan (efotan)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cephalosporin drugs: 3rd generation

A
  • More narrow
  • Bactermia/septicemia, bone & joint, CNS, gynecological, intra-abdominal, lower respiratory, skin & skin structures infections, UTIs
  • ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
  • cefdinir (Omnicef)
  • cefixime (Suprax)
  • cefpodoxime (Vantin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Carbapenems MOA

A

inhibit the growth of sensitive bacteria by inactivating enzymes located in the bacterial cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Carbapenems common pathogens covered

A

Gram neg, anaerobes, gram +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Carbapenems ADR & Monitoring

A
  • Hypersensitivity reaction, rash, headache, GI, seizures, drug fever, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, Clostridium difficile
  • Monitoring: hypersensitivity reactions, renal function, hepatic function, CBC
  • Of note: Cross sensitivity with PCN 50%, clinically relevant 1%. Seizure risk highest with imipenem-cilastatin (elderly, history of seizures, renal dysfxn)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carbapenem drugs

A
  • Class of beta-lactam
  • Often reserved for more severe infections (last line)
  • etrapenem (Invanez)
  • cilastatinin/imipenem (Primaxin)
  • doripenem (Doribax)
  • meropenem (Merrem)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monobactams-Aztreonam MOA

A

MOA: inhibit the growth of sensitive bacteria by inactivating enzymes located in the bacterial cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Monobactams-Aztreonam common pathogens covered

A

gram (-) – including Enterobactericeae and pseudomonas
-Monobactams used to treat: pyelonephritis, uncomplicated cystitis, lower RI, septicemia, skin infections, perotinitis, endometrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Monobactams - Aztreonam drugs

A
  • Azectam
  • Aztreonam
  • Cayston
  • Aztreonam inhalation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Monobactams - Aztreonam ADR & monitoring

A

rash, nausea, diarrhea, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, Clostridium difficile

  • Monitor: Renal & hepatic
  • May be used in pts w/ PCN/cephalosporin allergy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aminoglycosides MOA

A

moa: binding to aminoacyl site of 16S ribosomal RNA within 30S ribosomal subuit -> misreading of genetic codes, thus inhibits translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Aminoglycosides common pathogens covered

Study These Flashcards
A

bactericidal against gram (-) aerobes

-also effective against staphylococci & myobacterium tuberculosis

25
Aminoglycosides ADR & Monitoring
- tubular necrosis & renal failure, vestibular and cochlear toxicity, neuromuscular blockade, vertigo, anemia, hypersensitivity - Monitoring: Renal function, serum drug concentration, serum calcium, magnesium, sodium. Monitor for nausea, vomiting, nystagmus, vertigo - ototoxicity may be irreversible
26
Aminoglycoside drugs
- generally broad spectum and potent - often used in combo - poor GI absorption so often given IV - tobramycin (Kitabis, Nebcin) - neomycin (Neo-Fradin) - amikacin (Amikin) - gentamicin (Garamycin)
27
Lipopeptides-Daptomycin MOA
cyclic lipopeptide – calcium-dependent polarization of gram (+) cell membranes
28
Lipopeptides-Daptomycin Common pathogens covered
Gram +, MRSA, VRE
29
Lipopeptides-Daptomycin ADR & Monitoring
Monitoring: LFTS, muscle pain/weakness, CPK baseline & weekly – some may need more frequent monitoring. Discontinu if CPK > 10 ULN or if myopathy + CPK > 1000 IU/L - hepatotoxicity, CPK elevation, myopathy, diarrhea, eosinophilic pneumonia, Clostridium difficile - May want to stop statin therapy during daptomycin
30
-Lipopeptides-Daptomycin Drugs
``` Daptomycin Bacillomycin surfactin mycosubtillin caspofungin -used for complicated skin and skin structure infections, bacteremia ```
31
Glycopeptides-Vancomycin MOA
MOA: inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis | -Common pathogens covered gram +, MRSA
32
Glycopeptides-vanco ADR & monitoring
- ADR: Red man syndrome, phlebitis, renal dysfunction, neutropenia, leukopenia, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, drug fever - Monitoring: renal function, CBC, serum drug concentration
33
Oxazolidinones-linezolid & tedizolid MOA
MOA: inhibit bacterial protein synthesis at 50S ribosome, suppress toxics such as Panton-Valentine leucocidin, alpha-hemolysin, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1
34
Oxazolidinones – linezolid and tedizolid: Common pathogens
bacteriostatic; gram (+) organisms
35
Oxazolidinones – linezolid and tedizolid ADR & Monitoring
ADR: myelosuppression, peripheral neuropathy, optic neuropathy, blindness, lactic acidosis, diarrhea, nausea, serotonin syndrome, interstitial nephritis - Monitoring: serotonin syndrome, CBC with diff. With long-term therapy – visual acuity and other visual tests - Of note: myelosuppression associated with > 2 week therapy and is reversible
36
Tetracyclines: doxycycline, tetracycline, minocycline, tigecycline, eravacycline, sarecycline, omadacycline -MOA
Mechanism of action: inside of cell wall binds reversible to 30S ribosomal subunit – ultimately inhibiting protein synthesis producing a bacteriostatic effects
37
Tetracyclines common pathogens covered
-gram (+) and gram (-), atypical pathogens
38
Tetracyclines: ADR & Monitoring
- GI upset, NVD, hepatoxicity, esophageal ulcerations, photosensitivity, azotemia, visual disturbances, vertigo, hyperpigmentation, deposition on teeth, hemolytic anemia, pseudotumor cerebri, pancreatitis, Clostridium difficile - Monitoring: CBC with diff, LFTs, renal function - Of note: doxycycline preferred with renal dysfunction, vestibular symptoms women > men. Do not use in pregnancy or in children
39
Rifamycines-rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine MOA
thought to inhibit bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
40
Rifamycines-rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine Common pathogens covered
mycobacterial infections, selective invasive staphylococcal infections
41
Rifamycines-rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine: ADR & Monitoring
- Discolored urine, tears, contact lens, sweat, hepatotoxicity, GI upset, flu-like syndrome, hypersensitivity, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, drug fever, interstitial nephritis - Monitoring: LFTs, bilirubin, renal fxn, CBC at baseline + q2weeks if patient is also receiving hepatoxic medications or if have impairment
42
Macrolides-azithromycin, clarithromycin MOA
MOA: bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes – leading to inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
43
Macrolides-azithromycin, clarithromycin common pathogens covered
mycobacteria, gram (-), atypical, and some gram (+)
44
Macrolides-azithromycin, clarithromycin: ADR & Monitoring
GI intolerance, prolonged QTc, cholestatic hepatitis, ototoxicity (reversible), TDP, rash, hypothermia, exacerbation of myasthenia gravis Monitoring: LFTS, ECG if high risk
45
lincomycin class: Clindamycin MOA
-binds to 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria; disrupts bacterial protein synthesis, post-antibiotic effect. Generally thought to be bacteriostatic, but can be bactericidal with some organisms
46
Bacteriostatic
-agent prevents the growth of bacteria
47
Bacteriocidal
-Kills bacteria
48
Clindamycin common pathogens covered
anaerobes, streptococcus, staphylococcus
49
Clindamycin ADR & Monitoring
- diarrhea, Clostridium difficile, nausea, vomiting, generalized rash, hypersensitivity - Monitoring: renal and liver function for prolonged therapy. Monitor for diarrhea – common cause of Cdiff colitis.
50
Fluoroquinolones – besifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacine, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin MOA
bactericidal – directly inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis
51
Fluoroquinolones – besifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacine, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin common pathogens covered
aerobes, gram (-), respiratory pathogens, some gram (+) organisms
52
Fluoroquinolones – besifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacine, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin: ADR & Monitoring
- GI intolerance, headache, malaise, insomnia, QTc prolongation, tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, crystalluria, seizure, interstitial nephritis, SJS, allergic pneumonitis, Clostridium difficile - Monitoring: renal function, confusions, hallucinations, tremor - Of note: tendon rupture more frequently seen in elderly & kidney, heart, lung transplant patients, and concurrent use of corticosteroids
53
Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim MOA
- SMX – competes with PABA to inhibit dihydrofolic acid (stops converstion to tetrahydrofolic acid). - TMP binds to bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, prevents formation of tetrahydrofolic acid. This is done preferentially in bacteria vs human. In turn, this inhibits DNA synthesis.
54
Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim: Common pathogens covered
gram (+), gram (-). Community acquired MRSA, Pnemocystis jirovecii, nocardia
55
Sulfonamides & Trimethoprim: ADR & Monitoring
- GI intolerance, rash, hyperkalemia, bone marrow suppression, serum sickness, hepatitis, photosensitivity, crystalluria with azotemia, methemoglobinemia, urolithiasis, SJ, TEN, aseptic meningitis, pancreatitis, interstitial nephritis, Sweet syndrome, neurologic toxicity - Monitoring: hypersensitivity reactions, rash, CBC, renal function, hepatic function, potassium, serum glucose - HIV-infected patients are increased risk for ADR
56
Sulfonamide drugs
- Bactrim - Cotrim - Septra - Erythromycin/sulfisoxazole
57
Metronidazole MOA
MOA: produces free radicals that are toxic to microbe through a 4-step process
58
Metronidazole common pathogens covered
anaerobes, protozoa
59
Metronidazole ADR & Monitoring
- GI intolerance, headache, metallic taste, dark urine, peripheral neuropathy, disulfiram-like reactions with alcohol, insomnia, stomatitis, aseptic meningitis, dysarthria - Monitoring: Liver function, mental and neurologic status - Of note: peripheral neuropathy is reversible, associated with long-term treatment

Pharmacology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions