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BNPH700 > Antimicrobial Therapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important thing to tell the patient regarding antibiotics?

A

complete entire antibiotic course to prevent antibiotic resistance

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2
Q

What is Antibiotic Therapy?

A

antibiotic are chemicals used to kill or suppress growth of microorganism causing infection

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3
Q

Define Empiric therapy

A

treatment of an infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained

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4
Q

Define Prophylactic therapy

A

treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection, as in intra-abdominal surgery

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5
Q

What are super infections?

A

secondary opportunistic infections – infection occurring during Antibiotic therapy, Antibiotic destroy normal flora leading to an overgrowth of microorganism resistant to antibiotic.

An infection occurring during an antimicrobial treatment for another infection, resulting in overgrowth of a nonsusceptible organism.
For example: Candidiasis, oral thrush, clostridium difficile

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6
Q

Define inflammation

A

A protective reaction of body tissues in response to invasion from pathogenic microbes or their toxins.

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7
Q

What is Bacteraemia?

A

Presence of viable bacteria in the circulation.

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8
Q

What is Septicaemia?

A

Systemic infection caused by micro-organism multiplication in the circulation

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9
Q

Define Narrow Spectrum

A

the drug is active against a selected group of bacteria

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10
Q

Define Broad Spectrum

A

the drug has a range of activity against gram-negative and positive bacteria

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11
Q

What is Bacteriostatic?

A

Inhibition of bacterial growth, allowing host defence mechanisms additional time to remove the invading microorganisms. (slows bacterial growth)

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12
Q

What is Bactericidal?

A

Causing bacterial cell death and lysis. (kills bacteria)

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13
Q

Define antibiotic resistance

A

overtime bacteria have developed highly sophisticated ways to overcome the effects of antibiotic therapy (one of the greatest threats to human health)

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14
Q

What are some classes of antibiotics?

A
  • Penicillin
  • Cephalosporins
  • Vancomycin
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
  • Aminoglycosides
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15
Q

What is an example of penicillin antibiotics?

A
  • Amoxicillin
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16
Q

What is the indication for use as well as MOA for penicillin?

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis by disrupting the rigid cross-linked structure, causing cell lysis and death. It is bactericidal.

Broad-spectrum antibiotic used for treating bacterial infections

17
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with penicillin?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, candidiasis, allergic reactions

18
Q

What are some interactions and contraindications associated with penicillin?

A

may decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives, incompatible with aminoglycosides. Anticoagulants increase the risk of bleeding

19
Q

What are the monitoring requirements associated with penicillin?

A

baseline vitals, monitor for signs and symptoms of allergies, superinfection e.g. fever, perineal itching, sore mouth, cough, diarrhoea, or any unusual discharge.

20
Q

What patient education is required for penicillin?

A
  • effectiveness decreased when taken with caffeine, citrus fruit, cola beverages, fruit juices or tomato juice.
  • Educate patients about the responsible use of ABs, including when an AB is not indicated.
  • take Abs exactly as prescribed for the length of time prescribed.
  • Do not stop taking Abs even if feeling better (to discourage survival & proliferation of resistance strains).
  • Report any new or unusual symptoms (superinfection).
  • Never use left-over ABs or ABs prescribed for someone else
  • Timely administers ABs, monitors ADRs/superinfection, effectiveness of ABs, appropriate sampling for culture testing to guide selection of specific ABs
21
Q

What are some examples of Cephalosporins?

A

cephalexin, cefazolin, ceftriaxone

22
Q

What is the indication of use for Cephalosporins?

A

used for bacterial infection (primarily gram negative bacteria)

23
Q

What is the MOA for cephalosporins?

A

bactericidal, weakens cell wall of bacteria causing cell death.

24
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions to Cephalosporins?

A

GI upset, allergies (penicillin) – rash, hives etc, renal toxicity.

25
Q

When would you not give Cephalosporins?

A

Do not give to patient with history of allergy to penicillin.

26
Q

What are some examples of Aminoglycosides?

A

gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin

27
Q

What is the indication of use for Aminoglycosides?

A

used for serious bacterial infection

28
Q

What is the MOA of Aminoglycosides?

A

bacteriostatic; prevent protein synthesis, inhibits bacterial growth

29
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with Aminoglycosides?

A

GI upset, auto-toxicity, nephron-toxicity, vertigo, ataxia

30
Q

What are some monitoring requirements of Aminoglycosides?

A
  • Monitor tinnitus signs + symptoms, kidney function, urine for blood. (IM/IV)
  • Monitor peak/trough levels due to narrow therapeutic index
31
Q

What patient education would you provide for Aminoglycosides?

A
  • Should not be given with other nephron-toxic drugs
  • Not used during pregnancy or during nursing
32
Q

Discuss the nursing role in supporting the patient/client taking antibiotic therapy

A
  • Patient education: the reason for using ABs, correct use of ABs, sign and symptoms of ADRs, when to contact Dr.
33
Q

What organisms are penicillins most effective against?

A

Most penicillins are much more active against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. Amoxycillin has greater efficacy against selected Gram-negative bacteria (i.e. H. influenza). Combination of penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors (i.e. clavulanic acid) are more effective against Gram-negative bacteria (i.e. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia)

34
Q

List two antiviral drugs used to treat influenza in NZ

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) & Zanamivir (Relenza) are active against both influenza A and B virus. (Neuraminidase inhibitors)

Prevent the exit of new virions from the infected host cell and therefore prevent replication of the virus in the patient

35
Q

What are Antiviral drugs?

A

Antivirals are drugs that can treat people who have already been infected by a virus.

They can also be used to prevent or limit infection when given before or shortly after exposure, before illness occurs

36
Q

What Viruses are limited by antiviral therapy?

A
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Hepatitis viruses
  • Herpes viruses
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • Influenza viruses (the “flu”)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
37
Q

What are the 5 principles of prescribing antibiotics?

A
  1. In most cases only prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infections if:
    • Symptoms are significant of severe
    • There is a high risk of complications
    • The infection is not resolving / unlikely to resolve
  2. Use first line antibiotics at recommended dose & duration
  3. Reserve broad spectrum antibiotics for indicated conditions only
  4. Need to prioritise antibiotic resistance over convenience and patient preference
  5. Educate patients about responsible antibiotic use

BNPH700 (8 decks)

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