Antimicrobial Therapy

Question 1

What are pros to appropriate use of antibiotics?

Answer 1

Improves patient outcome, helps prevent antimicrobial resistance, prevents suppression of resident microflora and intestinal dysbiosis

Question 2

When is prophylactic antibiotic administration beneficial?

Answer 2

• Contaminated wounds
• Surgical procedures with expected contamination
• Surgery in immunosuppressed patients
• Severely neutropenic patients
• Prolonged surgical procedures

Question 3

What should be considered when selecting antibiotics?

Answer 3

• What type of bacteria is most likely present?
• Which types of antibiotics will reach therapeutic concentrations in the tissue of interest?
• What are the side effects associated with these antibiotics?
• Can the antibiotic be given as prescribed?

Question 4

What are the considerations when prescribing antibiotics?

Answer 4

• Route of administration
• Frequency
• Dosage and volume
• Formulation
• Duration
• Cost

Question 5

Name some examples of beta-lactams

Answer 5

Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems

Question 6

What is the primary mechanism for resistance with beta-lactams?

Answer 6

Bacterial production of beta-lactamase

Question 7

Penicillins are effective against which bacteria?

Answer 7

Gram positive aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria

Question 8

What are the two beta-lactamase inhibitors?

Answer 8

Clavulanate and sulbactam

Question 9

Cephalosporins are most effective against what kind of bacteria (for 1st and 3rd gen)?

Answer 9

1st: Gram positive aerobic bacteria
3rd: Gram negative aerobic bacteria

Question 10

What are side effects of beta-lactams?

Answer 10

• V/D and anorexia
• Hypersensitivity (hives, swelling, fever, etc)

Question 11

Name some examples of aminoglycosides

Answer 11

Neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin

Question 12

Aminoglycosides are effective against what type of bacteria?

Answer 12

Gram negative aerobic bacilli (e. Coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas, enterobacter)

Question 13

When should Aminoglycosides NOT be used?

Answer 13

For abscesses or granulomatous infections

Question 14

What are two side effects of aminoglycosides?

Answer 14

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

Question 15

What are some examples of fluoroquinolones?

Answer 15

Enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin, ciprofloxain

Question 16

Fluoroquinolones are effective against what kind of bacteria?

Answer 16

Gram negative aerobes and facultative anaerobic bacteria

Question 17

What are some side effects of fluoroquinolones?

Answer 17

• V/D and anorexia
• retinal blindness in cats
• rapid IV infusion may lead to hypotension
• seizures with high doses o

Question 18

Name a sulfonamide

Answer 18

Trimethoprim-sulfa

Question 19

What are sulfonamides effective against?

Answer 19

Gram positive and gram negative aerobic bacteria

Question 20

What are some side effects of sulfonamides?

Answer 20

Hypothyroidism, KCS, blood dyscrasias, Polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis

Question 21

Name some examples of macrolides and lincosamides

Answer 21

Macrolides: erthryomycin and azithromycin
Lincosamides: Clindamycin

Question 22

What are macrolides most effective against?

Answer 22

Gram positive bacteria

Question 23

What are lincosamides most effective against?

Answer 23

Gram positive aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria

Question 24

What is metronidazole most effective against?

Answer 24

Anaerobic bacteria

Question 25

What are side effects of metronidazole?

Answer 25

Anxiety and behavioral changes, and vestibular signs

Question 26

Chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of activity against which bacteria?

Answer 26

Gram positives, gram negatives, and anaerobic bacteria

Question 27

What is a side effect of chloramphenicol that affects humans?

Answer 27

Irreversible bone marrow suppression (aplastic anemia) in humans

Question 28

What are some examples of tetracyclines?

Answer 28

Doxycline, minocycline, and tetracycline

Question 29

What are tetracyclines most effective against?

Answer 29

Gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Question 30

What do tetracyclines primarily treat?

Answer 30

Tick-borne infections, feline chlamydiosis, mycoplasma, salmon poisoning disease, leptospirosis

Question 31

Urinary tract pathogens are often caused by what?

Answer 31

Microflora of the intestinal tract, lower urogenital tract, or skin

Question 32

Name drugs that will concentrate well in the urine

Answer 32

Penicillins, TMS, Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines, Cephalosporins, and nitrofurantoin

Question 33

Name some antibiotics that accumulate in airway secretions for respiratory infections

Answer 33

Doxycycline, flurorquinolones, Clindamycin, TMS, and erythromycin

Question 34

What bacteria is the most common isolate from integument infections?

Answer 34

Staphylococcus