Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology and Antimicrobials > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

overall, what are the 3 main types of antibacterial antibiotics?

A
  1. bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors
  2. bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors
  3. nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors usually used for?

A

those bacteria that are gram-stainable; cocci and rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 2 classes of bacterial cell wall inhibitors?

A
  1. beta lactams (penicillin, special penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenem and monobactams)
  2. glycopeptide (vancomycin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the general MOA of bacterial cell wall inhibitors?

A

binds to enzyme transpeptidase and prevents cross linking = weakened cell wall = lyse

*only works in actively dividing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the general side effect of bacterial cell wall inhibitors?

A

TOXICITY TO ALL:

  1. hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity
  2. some extent of renal toxicity too

OTHERS:

  1. c-diff associated colitis
  2. SJS, Toxic epidermal necrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is strep pneumo resistance conferred?

A

mutations to penicillin-binding receptors = not susceptible to beta lactams anymore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is staph resistance conferred?

A

activation of mecA gene = production of beta lactamases = not susceptible to beta lactams anymore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are examples of penicillin?

A
  1. benzylpenicillin
  2. cloxacillin
  3. amoxicillin
  4. piperacillin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does benzylpenicillin target?

A
  1. gram pos and neg cocci
  2. some gram pos rods
  3. spiral bacteria: treponema pallidum

NOTE: usually for streps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does cloxacillin target?

A

for MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does amoxicillin target?

A

same as benzylpenicillin (gram pos and neg cocci + gram pos rods)

additional: gram neg rod (listeria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does piperacillin target?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa (who usually can also be targeted by the same tx for E. coli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the examples of special penicillins?

A

co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin + clavulanate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does coamoxiclav target?

A

generally: gram neg and pos bacteria

but more so for bacteria causing LRTI and UTI
e.g. burkholderia pseudomallei, E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the examples of cephalosporins?

A

1st/2nd gen

3rd gen: ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefixime

4th gen: cefepime

5th gen: ceftaroline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does ceftriaxone target?

A

generally:

  1. gram pos and neg cocci
  2. gram pos and neg rods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does cefapime target?

A

same as 3rd gen but extra coverage of pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does ceftaroline target?

A

widest coverage, including MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the examples of carbapenems?

A

imipenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does imipenem target?

A

essentially same as the above but is only used in really really serious infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the examples of monobactams?

A

aztreonam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does aztreonam target?

A

alternative for penicillin allergic patients

but only targets gram neg cocci and rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the examples of glycopeptides?

A

vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does vancomycin target?

A

mostly gram positive cocci and rods

especially for MRSA and CDAC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
note about vancomycin upon first administration
may cause red man syndrome
26
moving on from bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibitors, let's talk about bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors - what are the diff classes of them?
30S inhibitors: Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Glycylcycline 50S inhibitors: Macrolides Clindamycin Linezolid
27
what is the general MOA of protein synthesis inhibitors?
inhibits 30S/50S units of ribosomes and prevent binding of tRNA
28
what are the general side effects of protein synthesis inhibitors?
TOXICITY: 1. hepatotoxicity 2. phytotoxicity for TA 3. ototoxicity for G + MCL OTHERS: - rare to have SJS or other hypersensitivity reactions - macrolides have many DDI's - tetracyclines not used in young and pregnant
29
what are the examples of tetracyclines?
tetracycline and doxycycline
30
what does tetracycline and doxycycline target?
broad spectrum gram neg and pos bacterial (e.g. burkholderia pseudomallei - DCCC) but more for intracellular obligate parasites (rickettsia)
31
what are the examples of aminoglycosides?
gentamicin streptomycin tobramycin
32
what do aminoglycosides target?
gram neg aerobic rods (e.g. listeria, corynebacterium, bacillus) but honestly is not very commonly used
33
important! what are the 6 NO's of aminoglycosides?
1. NO protein synthesis 2. only for gram Negative Organisms 3. administered Not Orally (by IV instead) 4. NO pregnancy 5. NO csf penetration 6. Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity
34
what are the examples of gylcylcyclines?
tigecycline
35
what does tigecycline target?
MRSA (but we usually use vancomycin for this)
36
what are the examples of macrolides?
erythromycin clarithromycin azithromycin
37
what does erythromycin target?
alternative to penicillin for patients allergic to penicillin (similar to aztreonam) used specifically for campylobacter jejuni
38
what does clarithromycin target?
same as erythromycin but has additional bacterial targets used specifically for h. pylori
39
what does azithromycin target?
same as erythromycin but more specific to gram neg bacterial related to respiratory infections
40
what does clindamycin target?
anaerobic bacteria + gram pos cocci not very commonly used
41
what does linezolid target?
all the resistant gram positive bacteria e.g. MRSA, penicillin-resistant strep, cephalosporin-resistant enterococcus
42
moving on from cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis inhibitors, let's talk about nucleic acid inhibitors - what are the different classes?
1. fluoroquinolones 2. folic acid inhibitor 3. urinary antiseptic
43
what is an example of fluoroquinolone and its MOA?
ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin/moxifloxacin | inhibits dna gyrase in gram negs and topoisomerase 4 in gram pos = no making of supercoils
44
what is the side effects of fluoroquinolones?
TOXICITY: 1. phytotoxicity OTHERS: - GI and CNS disturbance - cannot be used in pregnant and young - peripheral neuropathy
45
what does ciprofloxacin target?
mostly enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonads
46
what does levofloxacin and moxifloxacin target?
known as respiratory quinolones used as second line therapy for TB
47
what are examples of folic acid synthesis inhibitors?
cotrimox, sulfonamides, trimethoprim
48
what is the MOA of folic acid synthesis inhibitors?
binds to enzyme that synthesises folate acid = no purine or pyramiding synthesis
49
what are the general side effects of folic acid synthesis inhibitors?
TOXICITY: 1. nephrotoxicity OTHERS: - cannot give to G6PD deficiency people as it would include hemotopoietic disturbances
50
what does sulfonamide target?
enterobacteriaceae
51
what does trimethoprim target?
same as sulphonamide but stronger
52
what is cotrimox? (aka bactrim)
combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
53
what does cotrimox target?
UTI-causing bacteria, respiratory tract bacteria and pneumocystis jiroveci
54
what are examples of urinary antiseptics?
nitrofurantoin
55
what is the MOA of urinary antiseptics?
blocks enzymes involved in protein synthesis and DNA
56
what are the general side effects of urinary antiseptics?
TOXICITY: 1. pulmonary toxicity in elderly and babies < 1 month OTHERS: - CNS and GI disturbances - haemolytic anemia in G6PD deficient patients (like folic acid synthesis inhibitor)
57
what does nitrofurantoin target?
only E. coli
58
moving on from anti-bacterials, let's talk about anti-fungals - what are the 3 most important anti-fungals?
1. amphotericin B 2. 5-flucytosine 3. azoles 4. nystatin
59
what is the general MOA of anti-fungals?
similar to cell wall synthesis inhibitors; in which it binds to ergosterol in plasma membrane of fungal cells to form pores = lysis
60
what are the general side effects of anti-fungals?
TOXICITY: 1. nephrotoxicity OTHERS: - hematopoeitic dysfunctions (like folic acid inhibitors and urinary antiseptics)
61
out of the 4 important anti-fungals, which target systemic infections?
the first 3 - amphotericin b, 5-flucytosine and azoles
62
what is amphotericin b used for?
used to treat candida, histoplasma, aspergillus and cryptococcus
63
what is 5-flucytosine used for?
used in combination with amphotericin b why? because it has high risk of resistance if used as monotherapy
64
what are azoles used for?
same as amphotericin b
65
can azoles be used easily with other drugs?
no as it has many DDI's (like macrolides)
66
lastly, let's talk about anti-protozoal drugs - what is the most important type?
metronidazole
67
what are the general side effects of anti-protozoal?
TOXICITY: 1. neurotoxicity OTHERS: - bitter metallic taste - GI discomfort
68
what is metronidazole used for?
- giardia/entamoeba | - and also c. diff
69
what anti-bacterials are safe to use in pregnancy?
1. beta lactams (cell wall synthesis) 2. macrolides (50S protein synthesis) 3. clindamycin (50S protein synthesis)

Microbiology and Antimicrobials (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions