Antimicrobials Flashcards
What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
What is the mechanism of action of Beta lactams?
Inhibits (specific peptide layer) cell wall synthesis.
What is the mechanism of action of sulphonamides?
Folic acid inhibitor
What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim?
Folic acid inhibitor
What is the mechanism of action of monobactams and carbopenems?
Modified B lactams
What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?
t-RNA inhibition -> inhibit protein synthesis
What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?
Inhibit translocation of proteins
What is the mechanism of action of fusidic acid?
Inhibits protein synthesis
What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?
Inhibits DNA transcription
What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?
Inhibits DNA synthesis and breaks down DNA
What is the mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin?
Disrupts DNA
What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin (a lyncosamide)?
Inhibits protein synthesis
The outcome of antimicrobials can be classed as 2 things - what are they?
Cidal or static
Name the common sulphonamides.
Sulfasalazine
Sulfadiazine
Name the common OG beta lactams.
Penicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Amoxacillin
Flucloxacillin
Name the common cephalosporins.
Cefuroxime
Cephalexin
Cefataxime
Name the common monobactam antimicrobial.
Aztreonam
Name the common carbapenem.
Imipenem
Name the common tetracyclines.
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Name the common aminoglycosides.
Gentamycin
Streptomycin
Neomycin
Name the common glycopeptide antimicrobials.
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Name the common macrolides.
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Name the common quinolones.
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Ofloxacin
How commonly are sulphonamides used?
Rarely, due to resistance.
Due to resistance against sulphonamides, what can we use with them to increase efficacy?
When might this be used?
Trimethoprim -> co-trimoxazole.
Pneumonia
What are the indications for trimethorpim?
UTI
RTI
What does trimethoprim work against?
Broad spec - Gram positive and Gram negative, but unknown in anaerobes.
Which route of administration is best for efficacy of penicillins?
IV, but can be given orally too :)
What do beta lactams/penicillins work against?
Very broad spec - Gram positives and negatives.
Unknown for anaerobes
What do cephalosporins work against?
Broad spec - Gram positives and negatives.
Unknown for anaerobes
What does aztreonam work against?
Gram negatives only.
What does meropenem/imipenem work against?
Broad spectrum - Gram negatives, gram positives, and anaerobic bacteria.
Which specific bacteria are carbopenems good against?
Think CF.
Pseudomonas
What are the 2 main indications for tetracycline/doxycycline?
- Alternative to beta lactams in renal impairment
- Malaria prophylaxis
Which group of antimicrobials are used for chlamydia, cholera, and mycoplasma?
Tetra-cyclines (doxy-, mino-, oxytetra-)
Is there tetracycline resistance?
Yes it is widespread
What does tetracycline/doxycycline work against?
Broad spec - Gram positive and gram negative.
Anaerobes unknown.
What do aminoglycosides work against?
Broad spec - Gram negative and gram positive…
But NOT anaerobes.
What do glycopeptide antibiotics work against?
Gram positives, but not gram negatives.
How common is glycopeptide antibiotic resistance?
Uncommon
What macrolides work against?
Broad spec Gram positive, and some specific gram negatives.
Which groups of antibiotics are commonly assdociated with allergic/hypersensitivity reactions?
- Sulphonamides (but thats fine coz we rarely use them now)
- Beta lactams (mostly penicillins, some cross reactivity with modifieds)
What can we use in infective endocarditis if the patient is allergic to penicillins?
Clindamycin
What is clindamycin used for?
- IE with penicillin allergy
- Strep bone infections (osteomyelitis)
