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Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Beta lactams?

A

Inhibits (specific peptide layer) cell wall synthesis.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulphonamides?

A

Folic acid inhibitor

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim?

A

Folic acid inhibitor

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of monobactams and carbopenems?

A

Modified B lactams

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

A

t-RNA inhibition -> inhibit protein synthesis

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

A

Inhibit translocation of proteins

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of fusidic acid?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

A

Inhibits DNA transcription

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?

A

Inhibits DNA synthesis and breaks down DNA

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin?

A

Disrupts DNA

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Clindamycin (a lyncosamide)?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

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14
Q

The outcome of antimicrobials can be classed as 2 things - what are they?

A

Cidal or static

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15
Q

Name the common sulphonamides.

A

Sulfasalazine

Sulfadiazine

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16
Q

Name the common OG beta lactams.

A

Penicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Amoxacillin
Flucloxacillin

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17
Q

Name the common cephalosporins.

A

Cefuroxime
Cephalexin
Cefataxime

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18
Q

Name the common monobactam antimicrobial.

A

Aztreonam

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19
Q

Name the common carbapenem.

A

Imipenem

20
Q

Name the common tetracyclines.

A

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

21
Q

Name the common aminoglycosides.

A

Gentamycin
Streptomycin
Neomycin

22
Q

Name the common glycopeptide antimicrobials.

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

23
Q

Name the common macrolides.

A

Erythromycin

Clarithromycin

24
Q

Name the common quinolones.

A

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Ofloxacin

25
Q

How commonly are sulphonamides used?

A

Rarely, due to resistance.

26
Q

Due to resistance against sulphonamides, what can we use with them to increase efficacy?

When might this be used?

A

Trimethoprim -> co-trimoxazole.

Pneumonia

27
Q

What are the indications for trimethorpim?

A

UTI

RTI

28
Q

What does trimethoprim work against?

A

Broad spec - Gram positive and Gram negative, but unknown in anaerobes.

29
Q

Which route of administration is best for efficacy of penicillins?

A

IV, but can be given orally too :)

30
Q

What do beta lactams/penicillins work against?

A

Very broad spec - Gram positives and negatives.

Unknown for anaerobes

31
Q

What do cephalosporins work against?

A

Broad spec - Gram positives and negatives.

Unknown for anaerobes

32
Q

What does aztreonam work against?

A

Gram negatives only.

33
Q

What does meropenem/imipenem work against?

A

Broad spectrum - Gram negatives, gram positives, and anaerobic bacteria.

34
Q

Which specific bacteria are carbopenems good against?

Think CF.

A

Pseudomonas

35
Q

What are the 2 main indications for tetracycline/doxycycline?

A
  • Alternative to beta lactams in renal impairment

- Malaria prophylaxis

36
Q

Which group of antimicrobials are used for chlamydia, cholera, and mycoplasma?

A

Tetra-cyclines (doxy-, mino-, oxytetra-)

37
Q

Is there tetracycline resistance?

A

Yes it is widespread

38
Q

What does tetracycline/doxycycline work against?

A

Broad spec - Gram positive and gram negative.

Anaerobes unknown.

39
Q

What do aminoglycosides work against?

A

Broad spec - Gram negative and gram positive…

But NOT anaerobes.

40
Q

What do glycopeptide antibiotics work against?

A

Gram positives, but not gram negatives.

41
Q

How common is glycopeptide antibiotic resistance?

A

Uncommon

42
Q

What macrolides work against?

A

Broad spec Gram positive, and some specific gram negatives.

43
Q

Which groups of antibiotics are commonly assdociated with allergic/hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  • Sulphonamides (but thats fine coz we rarely use them now)

- Beta lactams (mostly penicillins, some cross reactivity with modifieds)

44
Q

What can we use in infective endocarditis if the patient is allergic to penicillins?

A

Clindamycin

45
Q

What is clindamycin used for?

A
  • IE with penicillin allergy

- Strep bone infections (osteomyelitis)

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (26 decks)

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