Antimicrobials/Antivirals

Question 1

Penicillin

Answer 1

Interferes with creation of peptidoglycan
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+)
Narrow spectrum

Question 2

Methicillin

Answer 2

Interferes with creation of peptidoglycan
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+)
Narrow spectrum

Question 3

Vancomycin

Answer 3

Interferes cross-bridges that link NAM and NAG subunits
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Impacts: Many gram (+), penicillin allergies, C. diff infections
Narrow spectrum

Question 4

Bacitracin

Answer 4

Blocks transport of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+) causing skin infections
Narrow spectrum

Question 5

Cephalosporin

Answer 5

Beta-lactam that interferes with creation of peptidoglycan
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), for those with mild penicillin allergy
Narrow spectrum

Question 6

Isoniazid and Ethambutol

Answer 6

Disrupts mycolic acid formation
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Impacts: Mycobacterial gram (+) species
Narrow spectrum

Question 7

Aminoglycoside

Answer 7

Causes missense mutation in polypeptide formation from translation process
Inhibits protein synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 8

Tetracycline

Answer 8

Blocks docking (A) site of tRNA to mRNA
Inhibits protein synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broadest spectrum

Question 9

Chloramphenicol

Answer 9

Binds to A site in 50S portion and inhibits formation of peptide bond, block attachment to rest of polypeptide
Inhibits protein synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 10

Macrolide

Answer 10

Binds to 50S portion and blocks proper mRNA movement through ribosome
Inhibits protein synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 11

Nystatin and Amphotericin B

Answer 11

Attaches to ergosterol in fungal, worms, and protozoan membranes
Disrupts cytoplasmic membrane
Impacts: Fungi, helminths, protozoans
Broad spectrum

Question 12

Azoles

Answer 12

Inhibits ergosterol synthesis, causes toxin build up in cell = cell death
Disrupts cytoplasmic membrane
Impacts: Fungi
Broad spectrum

Question 13

Polymyxin

Answer 13

Targets and gets rid of outer membranes
Disrupts cytoplasmic membrane
Impacts: Gram (-), toxic to human kidneys
Narrow spectrum

Question 14

Trimethoprim

Answer 14

Interferes with folic acid synthesis, binds to Enzyme 2 pathway
Inhibits metabolic pathways
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 15

Sulfonamides

Answer 15

Sulfa drugs with PABA ring that competitively inhibits Enzyme 1
Inhibits metabolic pathways
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 16

Amantadine and Rimantadine

Answer 16

Prevents viral uncoating inside cell
Inhibits metabolic pathways
Impacts: Influenza A viruses and Parkinson’s
Broad spectrum

Question 17

Protease Inhibitor

Answer 17

Interferes with enzyme HIV needs in replication cycle (also stops HIV from leaving cell)
Inhibits metabolic pathways
Impacts: HIV
Narrow spectrum

Question 18

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Answer 18

Acts against enzyme HIV uses in DNA/RNA replication
Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
Impacts: HIV
Narrow spectrum

Question 19

Pleconaril

Answer 19

Blocks viral entry by keeping capsid shut and not allowing DNA/RNA to enter
Prevents viral entry
Impacts: Picornaviruses
Broad spectrum

Question 20

Arildone

Answer 20

Stops viral uncoating inside host cell
Prevents viral uncoating
Impacts: Polio virus, herpes simplex
Broad spectrum

Question 21

Streptomycin

Answer 21

Scrunches 30S shape, causing mRNA code to be read incorrectly
Inhibits protein synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 22

Gentamicin

Answer 22

Scrunches 30S shape, causing mRNA code to be read incorrectly
Inhibits protein synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 23

Doxycycline

Answer 23

Block A site of tRNA to mRNA (stops elongation phase)
Inhibits protein synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 24

Minocycline

Answer 24

Block A site of tRNA to mRNA (stops elongation phase)
Inhibits protein synthesis
Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-)
Broad spectrum

Question 25

Azithromycin

Answer 25

Binds to and interferes with 50S assembly, blocking mRNA movement through ribosome Inhibits protein synthesis Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-) Broad spectrum

Question 26

Erythromycin

Answer 26

Binds to and interferes with 50S assembly, blocking mRNA movement through ribosome Inhibits protein synthesis Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-) Broad spectrum

Question 27

Clindamycin

Answer 27

Binds to and interferes with 50S assembly, blocking mRNA movement through ribosome Inhibits protein synthesis Impacts: Gram (+) Broad spectrum

Question 28

Ciprofloxacin

Answer 28

Binds to DNA gyrase and stops cell division Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-) Broad spectrum

Question 29

Actinomycin

Answer 29

Binds to DNA and stops RNA polymerase and DNA unwinding activity (stops transcription process) Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis Impacts: Cancerous tumors Broad spectrum

Question 30

Metronidazole

Answer 30

Interacts with DNA and causes loss of helical structure and strand breakage = cell death Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis Impacts: Gram (+), gram (-), protozoans Broad spectrum