Antiviral Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is an antibiotic?
A substance produced by a micro-organism that inhibits growth or destroys other micro-organisms.
Name the classes of antibiotics.
- β-lactam antibiotics
- β-lactamase inhibitors
- Tetracycline
- Aminoglycosides
- Macrolide antibiotics
- Polypeptide antibiotics
- Carbapenem
- Monobactam
- Nitrobenzene derivative
- Oxazolidinones
What are examples of β-lactam antibiotics?
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporin
- Monobactams
- Carbapenems
List the types of β-lactamase inhibitors.
- Clavulanic acid
- Sulbactam
- Tazobactam
What is the biological source of Penicillin?
Originally obtained from the fungus Penicillium notatum, now from Penicillium chrysogenum.
What is Penicillin G also known as?
Gold standard Penicillin.
Why is Penicillin G acid-sensitive?
Due to the large angle and torsional strains in its β-lactam ring.
What are the classifications of penicillins?
- Natural Penicillins
- Semi-synthetic Penicillinase Resistant Penicillins
- Semi-synthetic penicillinase sensitive broad spectrum penicillins
- Synthetic penicillins
What is a key characteristic of Amino penicillins?
Contain a primary amino group on the side chain, preventing hydrolysis of the β-lactam bond.
What are the therapeutic uses of Penicillin G?
Effective against infections caused by gram-positive bacteria such as streptococcus and pneumococcus.
What is the difference between Penicillin V and Penicillin G?
Penicillin V has more acid stability and can be given orally.
What is a characteristic of Amoxicillin?
It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with an extra phenol group compared to ampicillin.
True or False: Amoxicillin is sensitive to β-lactamase.
True.
What is the primary mechanism by which bacteria gain resistance to β-lactam antibiotics?
The production of β-lactamase enzymes.
What do β-lactamase inhibitors do?
Protect penicillins from degradation by β-lactamase enzymes.
What is the function of clavulanic acid?
It is a powerful and irreversible inhibitor of most β-lactamase enzymes.
Fill in the blank: Tazobactam is combined with the extended spectrum β-lactam antibiotic _______ in the drug piperacillin/tazobactam.
piperacillin
What is the structure of clavulanic acid a first example of?
Naturally occurring β-lactam ring not fused to a sulfur-containing ring.
What is the essential requirement of β-lactamase inhibitors?
- Strained β-lactam
- Enol ether
- R-stereochemistry at positions 2 and 5
- Carboxylic acid group
