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Antiviral Drugs Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What are the five stages of the viral life cycle during an infection?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Entry
  3. Replication
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
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2
Q

What are the three possible actions of antiviral drugs?

A
  1. Block viral entry into the cell
  2. Block viral exit from the cell
  3. Be active inside the host cell
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3
Q

What are the classifications of antiviral drugs according to site of action, along with one example of each?

A

• Entry inhibitors (Maraviroc)
• Uncoating inhibitors (Amantadine)
• Inhibitors of translation (Fomivirsen)
• Inhibitors of replication (Acyclovir)
• Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Zidovudine)
• Integrase inhibitors (Raltegravir)
• Protease inhibitors (Saquinavir)
• Inhibitors of virus release (Oseltamivir)

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4
Q

Which drug blocks viral attachment and entry?

A

Maraviroc

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5
Q

Which drug blocks viral uncoating?

A

Amantadine

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6
Q

Which drug blocks early protein synthesis?

A

Fomivirsen

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7
Q

Which drugs block nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Acyclovir and Zidovudine

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8
Q

Which drug blocks late protein synthesis and processing?

A

Saquinavir

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9
Q

Which drug blocks viral release?

A

Oseltamivir

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10
Q

What co-receptor is required by most HIV-1 strains ( HIV-1 R5 strains) for entry of virus into host cells?

A

CCR5

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11
Q

What is an example of an entry inhibitor used in HIV treatment?

A

Maraviroc

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Maraviroc?

A

It acts as an antagonist at the CCR5 receptor, blocking the HIV (specifically the HIV protein gp120) from associating with the receptor.

Thus: HIV cannot enter macrophages and T cells.

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13
Q

Why is a trofile assay (HIV tropism) necessary before using Maraviroc?

A

Because some HIV strains use other co-receptors like CXCR4, and the assay determines if Maraviroc will be effective.

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14
Q

What viral structure is the M2 proton-selective ion channel found in?

A

The viral envelope of the influenza A type virus

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15
Q

Why is M2 proton conductance important?

A

It is essential for influenza type A viral replication

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16
Q

What is the function of uncoating inhibitors in antiviral therapy?

A

They prevent the virus from releasing its genetic material inside the host cell, stopping replication.

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Amantadine?

A

It interferes with the M2 ion channel to inhibit viral uncoating and thus infection of host cells

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18
Q

What is the role of translation inhibitors in antiviral therapy?

A

They prevent the production of viral proteins by blocking the translation of viral mRNA.

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19
Q

What does fomivirsen inhibit?

A

CMV (cytomegalovirus) mRNA

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20
Q

What condition is treated using fomivirsen and how is it administered?

A

Cytomegalovirus retinitis

By intraocular (IOC) injection

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21
Q

What is the role of replication inhibitors in antiviral therapy?

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A

They stop viral replication by interfering with the synthesis of viral DNA or RNA.

22
Q

What is an example of a replication inhibitor used as an antiviral drug?

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Acyclovir?

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A

It inhibits replication by being incorporated into viral DNA and terminating the chain.

24
Q

What is Acyclovir structurally derived from?

25
How does Acyclovir stop viral DNA replication after entering the cell? (A more detailed mechanism of action)
Acyclovir, a guanosine derivative, is monophosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase and then incorporated into viral DNA, leading to chain termination. • Incorporation into viral DNA → chain termination • Competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase → inhibition of viral DNA synthesis
26
What does HAART stand for in HIV treatment?
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy
27
What drug combinations are commonly used in HAART for HIV treatment?
2 nucleoside RTIs + 1 NNRTI and/or 1 or more protease inhibitors (PIs) Note: RTIs : reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which block viral RNA from being converted into DNA NNRTI : non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, which binds directly to reverse transcriptase
28
What types of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are used in HIV treatment?
• Nucleoside RTIs (e.g. zidovudine) • Non-nucleoside RTIs, NNRTIs (e.g. nevirapine) • Nucleotide RTIs (e.g. tenofovir)
29
What is an example of an integrase inhibitor used in HIV treatment?
Raltegravir Note: Integrase inhibitor is a drug that blocks the HIV enzyme integrase, preventing the viral DNA from being inserted into the host cell’s genome.
30
What is an example of a protease inhibitor used in HIV treatment?
Saquinavir Note: Protease inhibitor is a drug that blocks the HIV enzyme protease, preventing the virus from cutting large proteins into smaller functional pieces needed to form mature, infectious virus particles.
31
Which drug blocks the binding of HIV to the host cell receptor (CD4)?
Maraviroc
32
Which drug blocks the binding of HIV to the host cell receptor (CD4)?
Maraviroc
33
Which drug classes block the reverse transcription of HIV RNA into DNA?
NRTIs (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors) AND NNRTIs (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors)
34
Which drug class blocks integration of viral DNA into the host genome?
Integrase inhibitors
35
Which drug class blocks the final stage of HIV replication—budding and maturation?
Protease inhibitors
36
Review this picture
Done
37
What is the mechanism of action of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) in HIV treatment? Provide example
They inhibit the synthesis of DNA from RNA (e.g. zidovudine)
38
What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors in HIV treatment? Provide an example
They inhibit the integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome (e.g. raltegravir)
39
What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors (PIs) in HIV treatment? Provide an example
They inhibit proteolytic cleavage of viral polyprotein precursors into individual functional proteins required for infectious HIV (e.g. saquinavir)
40
What is the function of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)?
They prevent the conversion of viral RNA into DNA by inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
41
What type of drug is zidovudine?
A nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
42
What is zidovudine structurally classified as?
A thymidine analogue (Read pic if you want to know why this is important)
43
What is the role of protease inhibitors in antiviral therapy?
They block the action of viral protease enzymes, preventing the formation of mature, infectious virus particles.
44
What is an example of a protease inhibitor?
Saquinavir
45
What is the mechanism of action of saquinavir?
It inhibits proteolytic cleavage of viral polyprotein precursors into individual functioning proteins found in infectious HIV.
46
What is a common side effect of protease inhibitors like saquinavir?
Lipodystrophy
47
What is lipodystrophy?
It is a problem with the way the body makes, uses, and stores fat, also called fat redistribution. It has increased with retroviral therapy for HIV.
48
What is the role of viral release inhibitors in antiviral therapy?
They prevent viruses from exiting the host cell, stopping the spread of infection to new cells.
49
What is an example of a drug that inhibits viral release?
Oseltamivir
50
What is the mechanism of action of oseltamivir?
It inhibits the viral enzyme neuraminidase, which is needed for influenza A and B to be released from the host cell.

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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