Anxiety Disorders Flashcards
(28 cards)
Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety is an emotional state commonly caused by the perception of real or perceived danger that threatens the safety of an individual.
Anxiety Disorder Epidemiology
-4% prevalence
-Majority don’t receive treatment
-Women
-Usually before the age of 30
Anxiety Disorder Etiology
Vulnerability
-Genetic predispositions
-Neurobiological
adaptations of the
central nervous system
-Childhood adversity
Stress
-Occupational
-Traumatic experience
Anxiety Neurotransmitters
-Neropinephrine
-Serotonin
-Corticotrophin-releasing factor (Precursor de cortisol)
-GABA
-Dopamine
-Cholecystokinin (Induce panic)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Hallmarks are excessive, persistent, and unreasonable worries about everyday things
GAD Epidemiology
-Female
-Age 30-59
-Developed Countries
-European Decent
GAD Noradrenergic Model (Norepinephrine)
The Locus ceruleus serves as an alarm center, releasing high NE and stimulating the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flights response).
-High NE lead to downregulates α2-adrenoreceptors
GAD Serotonin Model
High cortisol levels increase SERT (reuptake of 5-HT). Low serotonin in the synaptic cleft.
GAD GABA Receptor Model
There is low levels of GABA neurotransmitter, less efficient GABA-A receptors, or both (GABA produce relajacion y sueño)
GAD Clinical Presentation
Psychological and Cognitive Symptoms
-Excessive Anxiety
-Tener los nervios de punta
Physical Symptoms
-Restlessness
-Fatigue
GAD Diagnostic
Excessive anxiety and worry for at least 6 months
Present three or more of the following:
-Restlessness
-Fatigue easily
-Difficulty concentrating
-Irritability
-Muscle tension
-Sleep disturbance
Not attributed to other medical condition or medication
GAD Complications
-Depression and increased risk of suicide
-Cardiovascular-related mortality
-Substance Abuse
Panic Disorder (PD)
Consists of a series of unexpected (spontaneous) panic attacks involving an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort.
PD prevalence
-Women
-Hispanics and American Indian
-Age of 30-40
PD Complications
-Agoraphobia is the hallmark complication. (Cambio maladaptivo)
-Depression and Suicide attempt
PD Pathophysiology
-Panicogens alter the brain pH balance in panic-prone individuals.
-Decreased GABA concentration
-Decreased Serotonin concentration
Higher NE than in GAD
PD Clinical Presentation
Psychological Symptoms
-Fear of Dying or losing control
-Depersonalization or Derealization
Physical Symptoms
-Chills
-Trembling
-Nausea and Dizziness
-Palpitations
-SOB
PD Diagnostic
-4 or more of the clinical presentation
-One or more months patients experience Agoraphobia, concern on experience other panic attacks and anxiety.
-Not attributed to medical condition or medication.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Exposure to terrifying or lifethreatening trauma may induce PTSD.
PTSD Prevalence
-Male (Especially for rape)
-Accidents is the second most common cause to cause PTSD
PTSD Pathophysiology
Intrusive and Hyperarousal Symptoms
-Amygdala sobre actividad y no
disminuye por la corteza prefrontal
-El hippocampus recuerda eventos
traumáticos activando síntomas
intrusivos.
PTSD Clinical Presentation
-Intrusion Symptoms
-Avoidance Symptoms (Deficiency of serotonin)
-Persistent Negative alterations in thinking and mood
-Hyperarousal symptoms
PTSD Diagnostic
-Directly experiencing a traumatic event
-Witnessing, in person, the events as it occurred to others
-The disturbance las more than 1 month.
- ≥ 1 Intrusion Symptoms
- ≥ 1 Avoidance Symptoms
- ≥ 2 Negative Alterations in Thinking and Mood
- ≥ 2 Hyperarousal Symptoms
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A chronic, disabling illness characterized by the two core symptoms; Obsessions and Compulsions
