Anxiety disorders Flashcards
covers : general anxiety disorder ,panic disorder ,social phobia ,phobias ,GMC (178 cards)
1
Q
What is normal anxiety?
A
Normal anxiety is a self-limiting/transient response to external stressors.
2
Q
What type of stimulus triggers normal anxiety?
A
A stimulus that is perceived to be potentially challenging or harmful.
3
Q
What is the evolutionary function of normal anxiety?
A
It can enhance performance and attention.
4
Q
What are the physiological responses associated with normal anxiety?
A
Fight, Flight, or Freeze responses.
5
Q
How do normal anxiety and anxiety disorders compare physiologically and psychologically?
A
They have similar physiological and psychological features.
6
Q
When is anxiety considered a disorder?
A
- When it is an excessive response to a stressor.
- persist for longer period than expected
- and/or become disabling /result in impairment of the individual’s functioning and QOL
7
Q
What is a key characteristic of anxiety disorders regarding duration of the anxiety ?
A
The anxiety persists for a longer period than expected.
8
Q
What impact can anxiety disorders have on an individual?
A
They can become disabling and result in impairment of the individual’s functioning and quality of life.
9
Q
What is meant by “false alarms” in the context of anxiety disorders?
A
False alarms refer to inappropriate or excessive anxiety responses that occur without a real threat.
10
Q
What does “brake failure” refer to in anxiety disorders?
A
It refers to the inability to control or stop the anxiety response, leading to overwhelming feelings.
11
Q
What are the types of anxiety disorders listed in the DSM-5?
A
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Panic Disorder
- Social Anxiety Disorder / Social Phobia
- Specific Phobia
- Agoraphobia
- Separation Anxiety Disorders
- Selective Mutism
- Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
12
Q
What additional disorders were included in the DSM-IV that are not in the DSM-5?
A
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
13
Q
How prevalent is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
A
GAD is highly prevalent.
Lifetime prevalence is ± 5%
14
Q
What term is often used to describe individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
A
“Worriers.”
15
Q
What are the characteristics of symptoms in Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
A
GAD has numerous variable symptoms, including excessive and continual worry and tension.
16
Q
What are some psychological symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
A
- Poor concentration
- Restlessness
- Irritability
17
Q
What are some somatic symptoms associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
A
Muscle tension
Headaches
Fatigue
18
Q
How do symptoms of hyperarousal in GAD compare to other disorders?
A
Symptoms of hyperarousal are more common in other disorders, such as panic disorder and PTSD, than in GAD.
19
Q
what does the DSM 5 criteria for GAD say?
( sorry you have to know the whole criteria there’s no other way)🥲
A
A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than
not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities (such as work or school
performance).
B. The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms having been present for more days than not for the
past 6 months);
Note: Only one item is required in children.
1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge.
2. Being easily fatigued.
3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.
4. Irritability.
5. Muscle tension.
6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying
sleep).
D. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a
drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).
F. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorder
20
Q
What is the duration requirement for excessive anxiety and worry to be diagnosed as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
A
The anxiety and worry must occur more days than not for at least 6 months.
21
Q
What is a key feature of the worry experienced by individuals with GAD?
A
The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
22
Q
List symptoms associated with GAD as per the DSM-5 criteria.
A
- Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge.
- Being easily fatigued.
- Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.
- Irritability.
- Muscle tension.
- Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying
sleep).
23
Q
How many symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of GAD, and what is the minimum duration for these symptoms?
A
Three (or more) of the six specified symptoms must be present for more days than not for the past 6 months; only one item is required in children.
24
Q
What must the anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause for a diagnosis of GAD?
A
Clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
24
What should be ruled out to confirm a diagnosis of GAD?
The disturbance must not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition.
25
What other mental disorders must be ruled out to confirm a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
* panic disorder
* social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
* OCD
* separation anxiety disorder
* PTSD
* anorexia nervosa
* somatic symptom disorder
* body dysmorphic disorder
* illness anxiety disorder
* schizophrenia/delusional disorder.
26
what is the mnemonic "EGADS! I'm MISERA-ble!" for GAD stand for ?
"EGADS! I'm MISERA-ble!"
EGADS- Excessive and Generalised Anxiety, for most Days ,Six or more months .
MISERA-ble:
-Muscle tension
-Irretation
-Sleep difficulty
-Energy (decreased )
-Restlessness
-Attention (decreased )
27
What is the lifetime prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
The lifetime prevalence of GAD is approximately 5%
28
At what age does Generalized Anxiety Disorder typically onset?
GAD usually has its onset in childhood or adolescence.
29
What is the gender ratio for GAD in clinical settings?
The ratio of women to men with GAD is approximately 2:1.
30
What are some risk factors associated with GAD?
History of trauma (physical or emotional)
Family history of anxiety disorders
31
GAD frequently present simultaneously with which conditions ?
GAD is frequently comorbid with other anxiety disorders, as well as alcohol and drug abuse and depression .
32
What biological factors are associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
* Serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitters
* Dysregulation in the GABA and Cholecystokinin (CCK) systems
* Overactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
33
What psychosocial factors can contribute to the development of GAD?
* Trauma
* Negative child-rearing practices
34
What familial patterns are observed in individuals with GAD?
There is a genetic contribution, and family members of individuals with GAD have an increased risk of developing the disorder.
35
What is the typical course of GAD if left untreated?
GAD tends to be chronic with fluctuating severity.
36
How does stress affect the severity of GAD symptoms?
Symptoms of GAD often worsen during periods of stress.
37
What is the prognosis for individuals with GAD who receive treatment?
Individuals with GAD benefit significantly from treatment.
38
What are some common clinical presentations of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
GAD presents with varied symptoms that may mimic a variety of medical conditions, such as breathing problems and gastrointestinal discomfort ( the person needs to see help if these are present ).
39
What comorbid conditions are often seen in patients with GAD?
Patients with GAD typically have comorbid mood disorders or substance-use disorders.
40
What are the two main approaches to treating GAD?
The two main approaches to treating GAD are pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
41
What is the first-line pharmacotherapy for GAD?
The first-line pharmacotherapy for GAD includes SSRIs and SNRIs, such as escitalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine.
42
How should SSRIs and SNRIs be administered for GAD?
They should be started at a low dose, increased over a few weeks, and continued for 9 months to 1 year.
43
What are the risks associated with benzodiazepines in the treatment of GAD?
Benzodiazepines should be used short-term only (max 2-4 weeks) due to risks of dependency, rebound anxiety upon withdrawal, cognitive impairment, respiratory depression, and falls in the elderly.
44
What are some alternative pharmacological treatments for GAD?
Other treatments may include buspirone, beta blockers, quetiapine, and pregabalin as adjuvants.
45
What types of psychotherapy are beneficial for GAD?
Beneficial psychotherapies for GAD include reassurance, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation exercises, and exposure therapy.
46
when is the onset of Benzodiazepine withdrawal sysmptoms and how long do they last ?
- The symptoms begin as soon as 6 hours after stopping and can last years after discontinued use.
47
What events happen during the Benzo withdrawal timeline ?
1. Beginning stages of benzo withdrawal for1-4 days
2. Acute withdrawal phase for 5-19 days
3. Benzo withdrawal symptoms may come and go and lessen in severity for months -years .
48
Which symptoms are present during the beginning stages of Benzo withdrawal?
* Anxiety
* sweating
* Headaches
* Panic attacks
49
Which symptoms are present during the Benzo Acute withdrawal phase ?
* Seizures
* Hallucinations
* Depression
* Weight loss
50
What happens during the last stages where the Benzo withdrawal symptoms are intermittent and less severe ?
The pt experience reduced symptoms, they can persist for up to one year or more depending on the severity of the addition .
51
What is the origin of the term "panic"?
The term "panic" is derived from Pan, the Greek god of nature, who was known for his mischievous behavior.
52
How is Pan, the Greek god, related to the concept of panic?
Pan was a mischievous but lonely forest sprite who would leap from behind trees to frighten unsuspecting travelers, causing them to "panic."
53
What is a distinguishing characteristic of panic attacks?
The spontaneous quality of panic attacks is a distinguishing characteristic, meaning they occur unexpectedly and are unprovoked by external circumstances.
54
How does the initial panic attack typically occur?
The initial panic attack is usually spontaneous, occurring without any identifiable trigger.
55
What develops after the initial panic attack in individuals with Panic disorder ?
After the initial panic attack, individuals often develop apprehension about future attacks, known as anticipatory anxiety.
56
What is the hallmark feature of Panic Disorder?
The hallmark feature is the spontaneous, unexpected, and repeated occurrence of panic attacks.
57
How long do panic attacks typically last?
Panic attacks are short-lived episodes, usually lasting less than an hour.
58
What type of symptoms are associated with panic attacks?
Panic attacks involve intense anxiety or fear and a range of autonomic symptoms, often including cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
59
How quickly do panic attacks reach peak intensity?
Panic attacks have a sudden onset and reach peak intensity within minutes.
60
What must be ruled out for a diagnosis of Panic Disorder?
Panic attacks must not be better accounted for by another medical or psychological illness or a substance (e.g., caffeine).
61
How do panic attacks differ from those in social phobia, specific phobia, and PTSD?
The unexpectedness of panic attacks distinguishes them from those in social phobia, specific phobia, and PTSD.
62
What does the term "agoraphobia" mean?
Agoraphobia is derived from Greek, meaning "fear of the marketplace."
63
How is agoraphobia related to Panic Disorder?
Agoraphobia often complicates Panic Disorder and involves a fear of experiencing a panic attack in public places where escape may seem impossible or embarrassing or help may be unavailable.
64
What behaviors may result from agoraphobia?
Agoraphobia often leads to avoidance of places or situations where panic attacks have previously occurred, such as shops, cinemas, restaurants, lifts, and airplanes.
65
Can agoraphobia be diagnosed in the absence of Panic Disorder?
Yes, agoraphobia can be diagnosed even in the absence of Panic Disorder, although many individuals with Panic Disorder develop agoraphobia.
66
What happen in severe cases of Agoraphobia ?
In severe instances pts become housebound .
67
What is the lifetime prevalence of Panic Disorder?
The lifetime prevalence is 1.5% to 3.5% or more.
68
How does the prevalence of Panic Disorder differ between genders?
Women are 2-3 times more likely to be affected by Panic Disorder than men.
69
What is a potential issue regarding the reported gender difference in Panic Disorder prevalence? and why ?
There is uncertainty about whether the difference is a true reflection of prevalence.
* Men are less likely to seek treatment and may self-medicate with alcohol.
70
How do men typically respond to Panic Disorder in terms of treatment?
Men are less likely to seek treatment and may self-medicate with alcohol.
71
what is the age of onset for Panic disorder?
The age of onset is variable but is mostly in late adolescence to mid-30s.
72
Which brain structures are involved in the aetiology of Panic Disorder?
The limbic system, brainstem, and prefrontal cortex all play a role in Panic Disorder.
73
What neurotransmitter system is implicated in panic attacks?
Panic attacks appear to involve a discharge of the norepinephrine (NA) system
74
Why is the high density of GABA receptors in the limbic system significant?
It is consistent with the efficacy of benzodiazepines in reducing anxiety.
* suggests that this area of the brain is particularly responsive to the effects of benzodiazepines since they work by enhancing the effect of GABA at the GABA-A receptor, leading to increased inhibitory effects in the brain.
75
How does the prefrontal cortex contribute to panic disorder?
It is involved in phobic avoidance, which includes a learned association of panic attacks with triggers and the judgment to avoid these triggers.
76
What childhood experiences are linked to the development of Panic Disorder?
A history of childhood separation anxiety and early parental separation or loss.
77
What role do genetic factors play in Panic Disorder?
Genetic factors contribute to Panic Disorder, with family and twin studies suggesting it is hereditary.
78
What are the chance of developing Panic Disorder for first-degree relatives?
First-degree relatives have a 4-8 times greater chance of developing Panic Disorder, especially if the onset was in adolescence.
79
What is the prognosis for Panic Disorder without treatment?
Without treatment, Panic Disorder is chronic and can lead to persistent anxiety, avoidant behavior, social dysfunction, substance abuse, and increased medical service utilization
80
What is the prognosis for Panic Disorder with treatment?
With teatment ,1/3 experience remission or significant improvement.
81
How is the lifetime suicide risk associated with Panic Disorder?
The lifetime suicide risk is higher in individuals with Panic Disorder.
82
What are the causes of increased mortality rate among individuals with Panic disorder ?
There is increased mortality rate from cardiovascular complications and suicide .
83
What does "waxing and waning course" refer to in panic disorders?
It refers to the pattern where symptoms increase (waxing) and decrease (waning) in intensity or frequency over time.
84
How do people with Panic disorder often present ?
* they present during a pannic attack ,with multiple somatic symptoms.
* Individuals often believe they are dying or going crazy and may be concerned they are having a heart attack.
85
What might patients with Panic Disorder receive unnecessarily?
They may receive unnecessary referrals for specialist evaluations due to their symptoms.
86
What types of examinations and tests are appropriate for someone experiencing panic attacks?
An appropriate physical exam (pulmonary/cardiac) and lab tests, such as thyroid function tests, are recommended.
87
What is a common comorbidity associated with Panic Disorder?
Panic Disorder is often comorbid with other anxiety disorders.
88
What should be excluded when diagnosing Panic Disorder?
General medical conditions (GMC) and substances (medications or illegal drugs) that may mimic panic attacks, such as caffeine, stimulants, and cannabis, should be excluded
89
What is the recommended treatment approach for Panic Disorder?
A combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is recommended.
90
What lifestyle change is advised for individuals with Panic Disorder?
Patients are advised to avoid caffeine as part of psychoeducation.
91
What is the first-line pharmacotherapy for Panic Disorder?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line treatment, as they are more tolerable than tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
92
What is the recommended approach to starting SSRIs for Panic Disorder?
The approach is to start low and go slow, as patients can experience initial exacerbation of symptoms.
93
How long is the typical duration for pharmacotherapy in Panic Disorder?
Treatment typically lasts for 8 to 12 months.
94
What are some other pharmacotherapy options for Panic Disorder besides SSRIs?
Other options include MAOIs, venlafaxine, and imipramine.
95
What is the role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of Panic Disorder?
Benzodiazepines have a rapid effect but are not recommended by NICE guidelines due to the quick return of panic symptoms.
96
What types of psychotherapy are effective for treating Panic Disorder?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), breathing exercises, and anxiety management skills are effective psychotherapeutic approaches.
97
What is the hallmark feature of Panic Disorder?
The hallmark feature is the recurrent unexpected panic attacks.
98
How is a panic attack defined according to the DSM-5?
A panic attack is an abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and includes a variety of physical and cognitive symptoms.
99
What are some common symptoms experienced during a panic attack?
Symptoms can include :
* heart palpitations
* sweating
* trembling
* shortness of breath
* feelings of choking
* chest pain
* nausea
* dizziness,unsteady ,lightheaded
* chills or hot flashes
* fear of losing control *fear of dying
* Paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensation )
100
What must occur after experiencing a panic attack for a diagnosis of Panic Disorder?
1. There must be persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences (e.g losing control,having a heart attach,"going crazy")
2. A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks.
101
How long must the symptoms persist to meet the criteria for Panic Disorder?
The symptoms must persist for at least one month.
102
What should be excluded when diagnosing Panic Disorder?
The panic attacks should not be attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition and should not be better explained by another mental disorder.
103
What distinguishes a panic attack from other anxiety disorders?
Panic attacks are characterized by their unexpectedness and the intense fear that occurs without an obvious trigger.
104
What is the typical duration of a panic attack?
Panic attacks are usually short-lived, typically lasting less than an hour.
105
What is anticipatory anxiety in the context of Panic Disorder?
Anticipatory anxiety refers to the fear and worry about the possibility of experiencing future panic attacks after an initial attack.
106
What are phobias
Excessive, irrational fears of specific objects, places, or situations.
107
What do specific phobias involve?
Excessive fear of specific things such as animals, natural environments, or certain situations.
108
Give an example of a specific phobia related to animals.
Fear of snakes.(ophidiophobia)
109
Name a specific phobia related to natural environments.
Acrophobia (fear of heights )
110
What is social phobia?
Excessive fear of embarrassment or humiliation in public places and fear of public scrutiny.
111
What are the two types of social phobia?
Generalized type and non-generalized type.
112
What characterizes generalized social phobia?
Multiple fears of speaking, writing, or eating in public (often referred to as "performance anxiety").
113
What characterizes non-generalized social phobia?
Fear is focused on a particular social situation, such as public speaking.
114
What may patients with specific and social phobia experience upon exposure to the feared stimulus?
Panic attacks, autonomic arousal, or avoidance.
115
How are panic attacks in social phobia typically characterized?
By blushing and trembling.
116
How do panic attacks in panic disorder differ from those in social phobia?
* Panic disorder often involves a sense of choking or suffocation.
* In social phobia they involve trembling and blushing
117
What do individuals with both types of phobia typically do?
Avoid their feared situations.
118
How prevalent are phobias in the general population?
Phobias are the most common mental disorder with a lifetime prevalence of over 10%.
119
Which gender is more commonly affected by phobias according to epidemiological samples?
Females are more commonly affected than males, although this is not always true in clinical samples.
120
When do phobias typically start compared to other anxiety disorders?
Phobias generally have an earlier age of onset than other anxiety disorders.
121
What is the mean age of onset for social phobia?
The mean age of onset for social phobia is in the mid-teens to early 20s.
122
When do different subtypes of specific phobias typically begin? (natural environment and situational phobia)
Natural environment phobias often begin in childhood, while situational phobias typically start in early adulthood.
123
To what extent are the biological foundations of phobias understood?
The biological underpinnings of phobias are not well understood.
124
What does it mean to be biologically prepared to develop certain phobias?
It means that individuals may develop certain phobias (e.g., snakes) more easily than others (e.g., electric plugs).
125
What role does learning play in the development of phobias?
Learning, particularly through traumatic incidents, plays a significant role in the development of phobias.
126
What physiological response may be increased in individuals with blood, injection, or injury phobias?
There may be increased reactivity of the vasovagal reflex.
127
Which neurotransmitters may be involved in social phobia?
Serotonin, norepinephrine (NA), and dopamine may be involved in social phobia.
128
What role is of genetics in phobias?
There are familial patterns suggesting a genetic or environmental component in the development of phobias.
129
What is the prognosis for untreated phobias?
Untreated phobias are typically lifelong.
130
How does social phobia impact individuals?
Social phobia can be associated with substantial impairment in daily functioning.
131
What factors influence the severity of phobias?
The severity of phobias can be influenced by the patient's occupation and social position.
132
What substances do individuals with phobias commonly use to alleviate anxiety?
Individuals often use alcohol or other sedative drugs, which may lead to dependence problems.
133
What is the prognosis for patients with phobias who receive treatment?
With treatment, the prognosis is generally favorable.
134
What challenge do patients with specific phobias related to blood, injection, or injury face regarding medical treatment?
They may refuse to comply with needed medical treatments due to their phobia.
135
How do patients with social phobia typically present in clinical settings?
Patients often do not complain of the symptoms of social phobia itself and may simply see themselves as "shy."
136
What factors contribute to the frequent underdiagnosis of social phobia?
It is often overlooked in primary care settings.
137
What physical symptoms might individuals with social phobia experience in feared situations?
Symptoms may include tremors, sweating, gastrointestinal discomfort, and blushing.
138
How does social phobia affect academic and work performance?
Individuals often underachieve in school and work due to avoidance behaviors.
139
What social skills deficits are common in individuals with social phobia?
They may have difficulty being assertive, exhibit poor social skills, and have poor eye contact.
140
What are common consequences of social phobia?
Depression and substance abuse are frequent consequences of social phobia.
141
How can one distinguish social phobia from avoidant personality disorder?
Avoidant personality disorder can be seen as a severe variant of social phobia, making differentiation challenging
142
What are the first-line pharmacotherapy options for managing phobias?
SSRIs, Pregabalin, and Gabapentin.
143
Which medication is specifically indicated for performance anxiety?
Propranolol is used for performance anxiety only.
144
What role does Clonazepam play in the management of phobias?
Clonazepam can be used as an augmentation strategy.
145
When should a clinician consider switching to second-line medication for phobias?
After optimizing the dosage of the first drug, allowing an adequate duration of treatment (at least 6 weeks), confirming treatment adherence, and considering alternative or comorbid diagnoses
146
When should a referral to a specialist psychiatrist be consideredn with regards with phobias?
In patients who do not respond to first-line agents.
147
What are some key psychotherapy interventions for managing phobias?
Exposure interventions, cognitive restructuring, social skills training, and systematic desensitization.
148
What does cognitive restructuring aim to address in phobia management?
It targets negative automatic thoughts and cognitive biases.
149
What is the primary characteristic of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?
A marked fear or anxiety about social situations where the individual may be scrutinized by others.
150
What do individuals with SAD fear will happen in social situations?
They fear that they will act in a way that will be negatively evaluated, leading to embarrassment or humiliation.
151
How do social situations affect individuals with SAD?
The situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety and are either avoided or endured with intense distress.
152
How long must symptoms of SAD persist for a diagnosis?
Symptoms must be persistent, lasting for six months or more.
153
What impact does SAD have on functioning?
It causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
154
What defines a Specific Phobia?
A marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals).
155
How does a Specific Phobia affect an individual's response to the phobic object or situation?
The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety.
156
What behaviors do individuals with Specific Phobia often exhibit?
They actively avoid the phobic object or situation or endure it with intense fear or anxiety.
157
How long must symptoms of Specific Phobia persist for a diagnosis?
Symptoms must be persistent, typically lasting for six months or more.
158
What is the impact of Specific Phobia on an individual's life?
It results in significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning
159
Which anticonvulsants is known to potentially cause anxiety symptoms?
* Carbamazepine.
* Phenytoin.
160
What class of medications, often used to treat depression, can sometimes exacerbate anxiety?
* Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
161
Which antidepressant, known for its stimulating effects,helps with smoke cessation but may also contribute to anxiety?
Bupropion.
162
Which antihypertensive medication can lead to anxiety symptoms?
* Felodipine.
* Clonidine.
163
Which class of antibiotics, can cause anxiety symptoms?
Quinolones.
164
What antibiotic, used for tuberculosis, may also lead to anxiety?
Isoniazid.
165
Which anticholinergic medications can contribute to anxiety?
* Atrovent.
* Belladonna.
166
What class of medications, such as prednisone, can lead to anxiety symptoms?
Corticosteroids.
167
Which dopamine agonist is known to potentially cause anxiety?
Amantadine.
Levodopa
168
Name a herbal supplements that may be associated with anxiety symptoms
* Ma huang.
* ginseng
* ephidra
169
What illicit substance, often used recreationally, can lead to anxiety?
* Ecstasy.
* marijuana
170
Name a sympathomimetic drugs that may cause anxiety symptoms.
* amphetamines
* nicotine
* caffeine
* cocaine
171
Name bronchdilators that may cause anxiety symptoms.
* albuterol
* theophylline
172
Which cardiovascular conditions can present with anxiety symptoms?
* Congestive heart failure.
* Arrhythmias.
* MI
* Angina
173
Which endocrine disorders are known to cause anxiety symptoms?
* Thyroid disease (Hyper and hypothyroidism.
* Cushing's syndrome.
* DM
* Adrenal dysfunction
* Pheochromocytoma
174
What gastrointestinal conditions can lead to anxiety symptoms?
* IBS
* Peptic ulcer disease.
* GARD
175
Which neurological conditions might present with anxiety symptoms?
* Cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke).
* Epilepsy.
* encephalopathy
* Vertigo
* Cerebral trauma
176
Name a respiratory conditions that may cause anxiety-like symptoms.
* Asthma.
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
* Pulmonary embolism.
* Pneumonia.
177
What metabolic condition can result in anxiety-like symptoms?
* Hypoglycemia.
* Hyponatremia.
* Hypoxia.
* Hyperkalemia
