AO1

Question 1

ROLE OF TERMINAL BUTTON

Answer 1

Terminal button (pre-synaptic membrane) The end of the neuron and they send the information through to the next neuron, through the release of neurotransmitters.

Question 2

DENDRITES

Answer 2

These are where the neurotransmitter receptors are found. Once the receptor and neurotransmitter bind, this causes a new electrical impulse to occur.

Question 3

nodes OF RANVIER

Answer 3

Nodes of Ranvier (the gap) Speeds up the transmission of the impulse by forcing it to ‘jump’ across the gaps along the axon

Question 4

MYELIN SHEATH

Answer 4

Myelin sheath Protect the axon and helps to speed up transmission of the message

Question 5

AXON

Answer 5

Axon Sends a nerve impulse (action potential) through the neuron to transmit a message to the next neuron

Question 6

CELL BODY

Answer 6

Cell body Includes the nucleus which contains the genetic material of the cell

Question 7

SENSORY NUERON

Answer 7

LOCATION:

· The PNS in clusters known as ganglia FUNCTION:

· These send information from the senses (PNS) towards the brain (CNS).

· Receptors found in eyes, ears, tongue, skin. STRUCTURE:

· They have long dendrites and short axons.

Question 8

relay nueron

Answer 8

LOCATION:

· In the brain and the visual system FUNCTION:

· Relay neurons are found in the CNS (brain/visual system/spinal cord). They carry nerve impulses between neurons allowing sensory and motor neurons to communicate.

· They are involved in analysing the sensations from these neurons and deciding how to respond. STRUCTURE:

· They have short dendrites and short axons, and no myelin sheath.

Question 9

MOTOR

Answer 9

LOCATION:

· Cell bodies are found in the CNS but the long axons form part of the PNS FUNCTION:

· These send information via long axons from the brain/spinal cord (CNS) through to effectors such as muscles or glands. STRUCTURE:

· They have short dendrites and long axons

Question 10

endocrine system

Answer 10

The function of the endocrine system

· The endocrine system provides a chemical system of communication within the blood stream to regulate the activity of cells and organs in the body

· It is slower than the nervous system but its effects are more widespread and powerful.

· These chemical messengers are hormones, which are circulated in the blood and control our cells/organs and influence behaviour.

Question 11

role of the lands in the endocrine system

Answer 11

There are many different glands in the human body. A gland is an organ that secretes/releases hormones that control/regulate functions in the body. The functions of some of the major glands are shown below

Question 12

Pineal

Answer 12

Pineal gland Secretes the hormone melatonin, which is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle by making the person feel tired and therefore ready to sleep

Question 13

Adrenal

Answer 13

Adrenal Gland Releases adrenaline which causes physiological changes involved in the fight or flight response such as increased blood flow to transport oxygen to the brain for rapid response planning.

Question 14

Pituitary

Answer 14

Pituitary gland (Master gland) This secretes many different hormones that control the functions of the other glands.

Question 15

Ovaries - sub topic of pituitary

Answer 15

Ovaries Anterior Pituitary gland
releases LH & FSH which encourages the ovaries to release oestrogen and progesterone which regulate the female menstrual cycle and female characteristics.

Question 16

Testes

Answer 16

Testes Anterior Pituitary
gland releases LH & FSH which encourages the Testicles to release testosterone which is involved in creating male characteristics and the production of sperm.

Question 17

fight or flight response?

Answer 17

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and the endocrine system plays a major role in the stress response in producing the fight or flight response. When a stressor is identified by the brain it activates the sympathetic branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

Question 18

stage 1 of fight or flight

Answer 18

1. A STRESSOR is identified by the HYPOTHALAMUS and activates the PITUITARY GLAND which triggers activity in the SYMPATHETIC branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

Question 19

Stage 2 of fight or flight

Answer 19

2. ADRENALINE is released by the ADRENAL MEDULLA into the bloodstream

Question 20

Stage 3 of fight or flight

Answer 20

3. The “Fight or flight” response is produced, preparing the body for sudden physical action. This produces physiological reactions such as increased heart rate, blood pressure and respiration and reduced saliva production and digestion. This is an immediate and automatic response.

Question 21

Stage 4 of fight or flight

Answer 21

4. The PARASYMPATHETIC branch returns the body back to normal once the stressor has been removed. (Homeostasis e.g. heart rate decreased, respiration

Question 22

role of adrenaline
direct and indirect effects

Answer 22

Role of adrenaline in preparing the body for fight or flight (top two must ALWAYS be mentioned)

· Direct effect of adrenaline: increase heart rate increasing the rate of blood flow and blood pressure. This increases blood flow to the brain and skeletal muscles

· Indirect effect of adrenaline: prepares body for action such as fight or flight, increases blood supply to skeletal muscles for physical action stops digestion and saliva production. Increase oxygen to brain for rapid response planning.

Question 23

what happens when the stressor has been removed

Answer 23

Once the stressor has passed, the parasympathetic branch of the ANS takes over. Its main function is to activate the “rest and digest” response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight respons

Question 24

An issue with fight or flight (AO3)

Answer 24

An issue with the explanation of fight or flight response is that it does not fully explain the stress response in females. For example, research has found that women are more likely to protect their offspring (tend) and form alliances with other women or with the offender in the case of a crime (befriend) than to fight or run away. This suggests there is a gender (beta) bias, as the fight or flight response assumes that men and women respond in the same way to a threatening situation prior to this research, limiting the explanation of the fight or flight response.

Question 25

Another issues is (AO3)

Answer 25

Discussion: Therefore, it could be argued that the fight or flight response is far too simplistic and other responses to threatening situations may be applicable as some psychologists would argue that the first response…. L One issue with the fight or flight response is that human behaviour is not limited to two responses. Some psychologists argue that the first response to danger is to avoid confrontation altogether through a ‘freeze’ response. During the response humans consider the best course of action for the threat they are faced with. This suggests that the fight or flight response does not consider other factors such as thought processes.

Question 26

DEFINE LOCALISATION

Answer 26

Localisation of function Specific areas of the brain are specialised for certain functions (jobs). E.g. the motor cortex is responsible for voluntary movement. Only this area of the brain is responsible for this job.

Question 27

HEMESPHERIC LATERALISATION

Answer 27

Hemispheric Lateralisation The brain is split into two symmetrical halves called the left and right hemisphere. This is the idea that the two different hemispheres are responsible for different mental processes. E.g. Left hemisphere is responsible for language and the right is responsible for recognition and creativity.

Question 28

HOLISTIC

Answer 28

Holistic Theory (this would be AO3 discussion) Before investigations into localisation and lateralisation, scientists believed that ALL parts of the brain worked together when processing information.