Ao1 terminology Flashcards
1
Q
What are possessive pronouns?
A
my, mine, our, your, his, hers, theirs.
2
Q
What are demonstrative pronouns?
A
this, that, those.
3
Q
What is a monosyllabic word?
A
A word of one syllable.
4
Q
What is a polysyllabic word?
A
A word of two or more syllables.
5
Q
What is an imperative sentence?
A
A sentence that issues a command.
6
Q
What is a declarative sentence?
A
A sentence that makes a statement.
7
Q
What is an interrogative sentence?
A
A sentence that asks a question.
8
Q
What is an exclamative sentence?
A
A sentence that conveys a strong sense of emotion, sense of alarm or overly strong emphasis.
9
Q
What is register in language?
A
The level of formality of a text.
10
Q
What is tenor in language?
A
The tone or the relationship between author and reader and how it is created.
11
Q
What is colloquialism?
A
Informal language usage.
12
Q
What is ellipsis?
A
When parts of a written structure are missing, sometimes indicated by three full stops in a row.
13
Q
What is syntax?
A
The way words form sentences (the ordering of them to create meaning).
14
Q
What is parenthesis?
A
An aside within a text created by sectioning off extra information between brackets, dashes or two commas.
15
Q
What is hypophora?
A
When a rhetorical question is immediately followed by an answer in a text.
16
Q
What is hyperbole?
A
Deliberate over-exaggeration of things for effect.
17
Q
What is litotes?
A
Deliberate downplaying of things for effect.
18
Q
What is pre-modification?
A
A descriptive technique where the descriptive words come before the thing they are describing.
19
Q
What is post-modification?
A
A descriptive technique where the descriptive words come after the thing they are describing.
20
Q
What is personification?
A
A device in which the non-human is given personal and human qualities.
21
Q
What is an extended metaphor?
A
When a metaphor continues throughout a text with recurring references to the compared item.
22
Q
What is symbolism?
A
Using figurative and metaphoric language where certain things represent other things.
23
Q
What is lexis?
A
Another word for the word ‘word’.
24
Q
What is field specific lexis?
A
The language of a certain area (vocation, activity or subject).
25
What is a lexical set?
The selection of relative lexemes from a text.
26
What is a lexical bundle?
A recurrent sequence of words or a collection of words that naturally go together.
27
What is semantics?
The meaning of words.
28
What is an acronym?
Words created by the initials of other grouped words.
29
What is a homophone?
Different words that sound exactly the same when said out loud.
30
What is a homonym?
When one word has multiple meanings.
31
What is archaism?
A word that has fallen out of common usage.
32
What is an oxymoron?
The use of apparently contradictory words in a phrase.
33
What are collocations?
Words that naturally go together through usage.
34
What are phonological features?
Any devices used that relate to sound.
35
What is onomatopoeia?
When a word is spelled exactly as the sound it describes.
36
What is consonance?
The repetition of double consonants in the middle of words.
37
What is assonance?
The repetition of vowel sounds.
38
What is suspension of disbelief?
The reader's ability to take for granted fantastical aspects of fiction.
39
What is a neologism?
A newly invented word.
40
What is a portmanteau?
A newly invented word created by merging two words together.
41
What is clipping?
Colloquial omission of parts of words.
42
What is a compound sentence?
A sentence with two or more independent clauses.
43
What is a simple sentence?
A sentence containing one subject and one predicate.
44
What is a complex sentence?
A sentence containing one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
45
What is a compound-complex sentence?
A sentence containing two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.
46
What is a subordinate clause?
A clause that is not a complete thought.
47
What is an independent clause?
A complete thought or sentence that makes sense.
48
What is a complex sentence example?
While it was raining, I drank a cup of tea.
49
What is a compound-complex sentence example?
While it was raining, I stayed in to read my book, and I called my friends over.
50
What is an independent clause example?
A complete sentence -- I called my friends.
51
What is a dependent clause?
A clause that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought.
52
What is a conjunction?
A word used to connect clauses.
53
What are pronouns?
I, you, me, we, and he.
54
What are subordinating clauses?
Clauses that begin with subordinating conjunctions.
55
What is a superlative?
An adjective that expresses the highest degree, e.g. smallest.
56
What is pre-modified?
An adjective that comes before the noun it describes, e.g. beautiful.
57
What is post-modified?
An adjective that comes after the noun it describes, e.g. the house was big.
58
What is a comparative?
An adjective that compares two things, e.g. smaller.
59
What is evaluative language?
Language that expresses a judgment, e.g. amazing.
60
What is descriptive language?
Language that describes something, e.g. red.
61
What is present simple?
Subject + present verb.
62
What is present continuous?
Subject + am/is/are + -ing.
63
What is present perfect?
Subject + have/has + past participle.
64
What is present perfect continuous?
Subject + have/has + been + -ing.
65
What is past simple?
Subject + past verb.
66
What is past continuous?
Subject + was/were + -ing.
67
What is past perfect?
Subject + had + past participle.
68
What is past perfect continuous?
Subject + had + been + -ing.
69
What is future simple?
Subject + will + infinitive verb.
70
What is future continuous?
Subject + will + be + -ing.
71
What is future perfect?
Subject + will + have + past participle.
72
What is future perfect continuous?
Subject + will + have + been + -ing.
73
What is a common noun?
A general name for a person, place, or thing.
74
What is a proper noun?
A specific person, place, thing, or idea.
75
What is a concrete noun?
Something that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted.
76
What is an abstract noun?
An idea or feeling that cannot be experienced with the five senses.
77
What is a compound noun?
A noun made up of two or more words.
78
What is a plural noun?
Names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
79
What is a singular noun?
Names one person, place, thing, or idea.
80
What are examples of abstract nouns?
honesty, anger, hunger.
81
What are examples of plural nouns?
dogs, people, community.
82
What is an example of a singular and proper noun?
Mrs. Cummings.
83
What are examples of compound nouns?
bedroom, sheetrock.
84
What are examples of singular and common nouns?
school bus, park, theatre.
85
What are examples of singular and concrete nouns?
floor, ceiling, wall.
86
What is a discourse marker?
Words like 'anyway', 'right', 'so', 'okay' that connect and organize discourse.
87
What is metonymy?
A figure of speech that labels something with a related name.
88
What is the progressive aspect?
If an action is still in progress.
89
What is active voice?
A sentence structure where the subject performs the action.
90
What is passive voice?
A sentence structure where the subject is acted upon.
91
Superlative
an adjective that displays the most extreme value of its quality, e.g. most, biggest, smallest, worst, furthest, farthest, quietest, zaniest. Most of the time superlatives end with '‐est'.
92
comparative
an adjective that relates one thing in some way to another and usually ends in 'er': bigger, smaller, further, farther, quieter, zanier.
93
Definitive Article
The
94
Indefinite article
a or an. Pronoun - a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence, e.g. him, her, it, he, she, I, you, me (self-¬‐reflexive pronoun), they.
95
personal pronoun
I, and the first person plural: we, our, us. Second person pronoun - you.
96
abstract noun
a naming word for an idea, concept, state of being or belief, e.g. tidiness, sadness, love, politics, Marxism.
97
auxiliary verb
a verb that has to be used with another verb in order to create present participles or the future tense, e.g. "DID you go?"; "I AM going"; you WILL go".
98
Modal verb
an auxiliary verb that express a degree of either possibility or necessity, e.g. might, could, must, should, may.
99
Adjective
a describing word that modifies a noun.
99
Adverb
a describing word that modifies all types of word, excluding nouns.
100
synonym
an alternative word choice that has the same or a very similar meaning, e.g. a synonym of horror is frigh
101
repitition
the repetition of words or phrases
102
common noun
naming word for a thing that is tangible, e.g. chair, penguin, man, arsonist, murderer, ghost, crumpet, trumpet
103
verb
a word that represents an action or process: in simple terms a 'doing' word
104
interrogative function
A sentence or phrase that asks a question.
📝 Example: “What does that even mean?”
105
imperative function
A command or instruction directed at the reader/listener.
📝 Example: “Grab your FizzBurst today!”
106
Prominent Word Classes: Material Verbs
Action verbs that show physical or observable actions.
📝 Example: “He laughed at something on his screen.” (‘laughed’ is a material verb)
107
first person singular pronoun
Refers to the speaker themselves.
📝 Example: “I get on the bus like usual.” (‘I’ is first person singular)
108
first person plural pronoun
Includes the speaker and at least one other.
📝 Example: “We’re launching a new flavour!” (‘We’ is first person plural)
109
second person pronoun
Directly addresses the reader/listener.
📝 Example: “You deserve better.” (‘You’ is second person)
110
Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Deontic)
Indicates permission, obligation, or necessity.
📝 Example: “You must try this drink.” (‘must’ shows obligation — deontic)
111
Modal Auxiliary Verbs (Epistemic)
Shows possibility, probability, or certainty.
📝 Example: “It might be hopeful.” (‘might’ shows possibility — epistemic)
112
Passive Voice Constructions
The subject receives the action, often with “to be” + past participle.
📝 Example: “The drink was launched last year.”
113
Non-Standard Forms
Informal or ungrammatical versions of standard English.
📝 Example: “Doesn’t even say hi.” (Elliptical and non-standard)
114
Idiomatic Expressions
Phrases with meanings not directly linked to the words used.
📝 Example: “My brain has a mind of its own.”
115
. Figurative Phrases
Language used in a non-literal way, often metaphor or simile.
📝 Example: “Explosive flavor” or “The city’s heartbeat slowed.”
116
Asynchronous Communication
(CMC discourse)
Messages are sent and received at different times — no need for users to be online together.
📝 Example: Forum posts, emails.
117
Multimodality
(CMC discourse)
The use of multiple modes (text, emojis, punctuation, formatting) to enhance meaning.
📝 Example: “So happy rn 😭✨” combines emoji and exaggerated text for emotional effect.
118
Reduced Social Cues
(CMC discourse)
Lack of body language, facial expression, or tone, so users rely on punctuation and emojis.
📝 Example: “Fine.” vs “Fine! 😊” – tone is affected by cues.
119
Synchronous Communication
(CMC discourse)
Happens in real-time.
📝 Example: Live chat, instant messaging.
120
interjection
are words or short phrases used to express strong emotion or sudden bursts of feeling.
121
syndetic listing
a list with conjunctions (e.g. "She ran, and jumped, and danced.")
122
Asyndetic listing
a list without conjunctions (e.g. "She ran, jumped, danced.")
123
Polysyndetic listing
a list with repeated conjunctions (e.g. "She ran and jumped and danced and spun.")
124
Triadic structure / Rule of three
when three elements are listed (often for rhythm or emphasis).
