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Biology Unit 1 > AOS 1 > Flashcards

AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

organism

A

a living thing

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2
Q

viruses are…

A

acellular/ have no common genes/ cannot propel themselves through fluid/ have no metabolic processes/ cannot consume nutrients/ cannot independently respire/ require a host cell to reproduce/ cannot maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

movement

A

capable of self-generated movement

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4
Q

respiration

A

extract energy through biochemical processes

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5
Q

sensitivity

A

ability to react to/ sense stimuli

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6
Q

growth

A

grow and develop over time

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7
Q

reproduction

A

produce new living things

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8
Q

equilibrium

A

maintain a relatively stable internal environment

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9
Q

excretion

A

produce wastes that must be removed (otherwise toxic)

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10
Q

nutrition

A

extract nutrients from the environment

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11
Q

differences between bacteria and archaea

A
  • bacteria have a cell wall made of a polysaccharide called peptidoglycan whereas archaea have a cell wall made of a different compound
  • different lipids make up their cell membrane
  • genetic code is different for each (but genetic code of archaea is more similar to eukaryotes than too bacteria)
  • flagella of bacteria are proton-powered whereas flagella of archaea are powered by ATP (similar to eukaryote flagella, such as sperm tails)
  • flagella made of different proteins
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12
Q

bacteria vs archaea

A

archaea and bacteria may look very similar but they are genetically very different/ archaea and eukaryotes are more genetically and chemically similar, even though archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes, not eukaryotes

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13
Q

prokaryote cell shapes

A
  • cocci/coccus (spherical)
  • bacilli (rod-shaped)
  • vibrio (comma)
  • spirochaete (corkscrew-shaped)
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14
Q

prokaryote cell arrangement

A

bacteria can exist:
1. individually
2. in pairs (diplo-)
3. in chains (strepto-)
4. in bunches (staphylo-)

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15
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that gain nutrition by consuming food, eg. humans

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16
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that produce their own essential nutrients from simple, organic molecules

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17
Q

bacteria vs viruses

A

antibiotics can fight bacterial infections but are ineffective to viral infections
this is because bacteria are living whereas viruses are not

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18
Q

cell theory

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
All living things are made from one or more cells or from products of cells.

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19
Q

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

A

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus whereas eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome whereas eukaryotic cells have multiple linear chromosomes.
Prokaryotic cells have a plasmid where as eukaryotic cells have no plasmid
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles whereas eukaryotic cells do have membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells undergo binary fission whereas eukaryotic cells undergo mitosis/meiosis.

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20
Q

structures unique to eukaryotic plant cells

A

chloroplasts (animal cells don’t do photosynthesis)
large permanent vacuole (animal cells contain small/temporary vacuoles or none at all)
cell wall (cellulose)

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21
Q

three domains

A

bacteria, archaea and eukarya

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22
Q

six kingdoms

A

bacteria (pr, uni)
plantae (eu, multi)
archaea (pr, uni)
fungi (eu, uni/multi)
protista (eu, uni/multi)
animalia (eu, multi)

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23
Q

structures unique to animal cells

A

lysosome and centrosome

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24
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell that is not a reproductive cell - they are diploid, meaning that they contain two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

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25
Q

germline cells

A

cells that are involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes

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26
Q

difference between cytosol and cytoplasm

A

The cytosol is the liquid part of the cell, whereas the cytoplasm includes the cytosol and all of the organelles excluding the nucleus.
The cytosol contains dissolved salts, nutrients and molecules necessary for cell function. The cytoplasm includes the cytosol and other organelles, excluding the nucleus, within the plasma cell membrane.

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27
Q

size of eukaryotes

A

diameter of ~ 10–100 μm

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28
Q

size of prokaryotes

A

diameter of ~ 0.1–5 μm

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29
Q

nucleolus

A
  • site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
  • not considered an organelle because it is not membrane-bound
    note: ribosomes are made of 60% rRNA and 40% protein
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30
Q

the nucleus…

A
  • surrounded by a double-membrane, which is called the nuclear envelope and is perforated with nuclear pores
  • protects and confines the genetic information (DNA)
  • contains DNA which controls cellular functions by coding for proteins
  • often called the ‘control centre of the cell’
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31
Q

ribosomes

A
  • not considered organelles because they do not have membranes
  • synthesises proteins
  • translates the mRNA code into a ______ polypeptide
  • assemble the building blocks to make proteins
  • ribosomes in the cell either float freely or are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
32
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Folding _________ polypeptides into proteins and transport them into transport vesicles
  • a membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs which are coated with ribosomes
  • synthesises and modifies proteins
33
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • a membranous chain of connected and flattened sacs
  • responsible for the production of lipids
34
Q

golgi apparatus/body

A
  • stacked flattened sacs
  • final modification and packaging of proteins into secretory vesicles
35
Q

lysosome

A
  • Contains digestive enzymes for the destruction of unwanted cellular material
  • membrane-bound vesicle
  • breaks down cell waste and toxins
36
Q

mitochondria

A
  • the site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP energy requires for cellular processes
  • has a highly-folded inner membrane with a narrow and low-volume intermembrane space which facilitates some processes of cellular respiration
37
Q

chloroplast

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • double membrane-bound
  • contain their own DNA and chromosomes (endosymbiosis evidence)
  • contains fluid-filled sacs (thylakoids containing chlorophyll) stacked in grana
38
Q

centriole/centrosome

A
  • a centrosome is composed of two centrioles arranged at right angles to each other
  • there are 27 microtubules arranged in groups of 3
  • during mitosis/meiosis, the centrioles move apart to opposite sides of the cell to help efficiently organise spindle fibres
39
Q

cilia/flagella

A
  • protuberances from the cell membrane
  • flagella are longer than cilia but have a similar structure
  • contain protein fibres
  • responsible for locomotion of the cell/ moving it across fluids
40
Q

large permanent vacuole

A
  • membrane-bound sac containing water and dissolved ions
  • creates turgor pressure, which maintains the cell structure
  • stores metabolic wastes
  • contains cell sap
41
Q

cell wall

A
  • cellulose for eukaryotic plant cells
  • peptidoglycan (saccharide) for bacterial cells
  • a sturdy border which provides structure and support for the cell
42
Q

plasma cell membrane

A
  • a selectively-permeable barrier between the intracellular and extracellular environment
  • made of a phospholipid bilayer
  • regulates the inputs and outputs of the cell
43
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

44
Q

crista

A

the fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

45
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

a chemical reaction which breaks down glucose to produce ATP energy required for cellular functions
GO –> COW

46
Q

photosynthesis

A
  • the process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
  • thylakoid membranes contain a green pigment known as chlorophyll which absorbs light to energise reaction
47
Q

endosymbiosis theory

A

evidence suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by a larger organism to establish a mutually-beneficial (endosymbiotic) relationship
- mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane which can be explained if they were engulfed via endocytosis
- they have their own ribosomes that share characteristics with bacterial ribosomes (70s)
- have their own DNA genome and ribosomes so they can produce specialised proteins independently from the cell
- mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria all replicate though binary fission. not mitosis/meiosis
- the outer membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts contain porins, which are otherwise only found in the cell membrane of prokaryotes

48
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • a large network of protein filaments that start at the nucleus and reach out to the plasma membrane
  • maintains shape and transports vesicles around the cell
  • not membrane-bound
49
Q

key differences between plant and animal cells

A

cell wall made of cellulose - animals have evolved structures like skeletons to provide structural support

plants use chloroplasts to source glucose for energy - animals source their energy by consuming food

the vacuole in a plant cell must be full to prevent wilting - in animals, smaller vacuoles are primarily involved in solute and water storage (rather than structural support)

50
Q

red blood cells

A
  • cells that transport oxygen through the bloodstream and do not contain a nucleus
  • biconcave disks
  • circulate oxygen around the body by squeezing through capillaries
51
Q

ova

A
  • key to reproduction as they contain genetic information, organelles and nutrients required to create an embryo after fertilisation
52
Q

benefits of having small cells

A
  • exchange of materials can occur efficiently and effectively due to high surface area to volume ratio
  • distances to travel within a cell are smaller so the intracellular transport of molecules is faster
  • cells are microscopic so that they can maximise their surface area to volume ratio and increase the efficiency of transport
53
Q

SA:V

A

higher SA:V = more effective exchange of substances

54
Q

general trends

A
  • the more compact the object, the higher SA:V
  • objects that are longer/ shorter widths have higher SA:V
  • the shape with the lowest surface area to volume ratio is a sphere
  • surfaces that need to transport more substances across their border tend to be small and elongated
55
Q

SA:V (shape)

A

smaller objects have a higher SA:V compared to larger objects of the same shape
eg. animals in cold climates tend to be larger so they have less skin in proportion to meat - muscles produce heat and there is less skin for heat loss –> warmer
it’s similar for animals in hot climates (they have more skin in proportion to meat meaning that they can lose more heat without needing to sweat)

56
Q

SA:V (size)

A

as a cell increases in size, its SA:V ratio decreases
- big animals in hotter climates tend to have large/flatter or elongated structures (eg. big flat ears for elephants and long necks for giraffes) —> extra skin for heat loss without sweat

57
Q

SA:V theory for cells

A
  1. pancreas - tiny pancreatic cells have a high SA:V which makes the secretion of insulin much faster
  2. small intestine - many villi line the wall of the small intestine –> can absorb food more efficiently + exchange nutients
58
Q

colours of key elements

A

hydrogen - white
nitrogen - blue
oxygen - red
sulfur - yellow
phosphorus - orange/purple
carbon - black

59
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

correct model which shows the structure of the phospholipid bilayer where lipids and proteins are arranged vertically
(note: proof = betalain experiment)

60
Q

components of the cell membrane

A

the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer (double layer of phospholipids) embedded with proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol (each molecule fulfils a specific function)

61
Q

phospholipids

A

the main components of the pcm. are phospholipids
- they have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails
- amphipathic/amphiphilic (a molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components)

62
Q

phosphate head

A
  • the hydrophilic subunit of a phospholipid
  • made of glycerol and phosphate group
  • negatively charged, therefore hydrophilic and polar
  • because they are hydrophilic, they are attracted to the aqueous intra/extracellular environment
63
Q

two fatty acid tails

A
  • the hydrophobic subunit of a phospholipid
  • made of long chains of carbon and hydrogen
  • uncharged, hydrophobic and nonpolar
64
Q

hydrophobic

A

water-hating

65
Q

hydrophilic

A

water-loving/ attract to and dissolve in water

66
Q

polar

A

describes a molecule with both a positive end and a negative end (tend to be hydrophilic)

67
Q

selective-permeability

A

a property of cell membranes that ensures only specific substances pass across them

67
Q

non-polar

A

describes a molecule without a clearly positive or negative end (tend to be hydrophobic)

68
Q

like dissolves like

A
  • polar molecules are attracted to and dissolve in polar substances
  • nonpolar molecules are attracted to and dissolve in nonpolar substances
  • nonpolar molecules do not attract with polar molecules
68
Q

oil vs water example

A
  • the amphipathic nature of the phospholipid means that the fatty acid tails are repelled from water whilst the phosphate head are attracted to water
  • a stable bilayer forms
  • phospholipids create a monolayer around oil
69
Q

three structures of proteins on phospholipid bilayer

A
  1. integral protein - proteins that are permanently secured to the plasma membrane
  2. transmembrane protein - an integral protein that spans the entire bilayer (permanent and span entire bilayer)
  3. peripheral protein - temporarily attached to the plasma membrane
70
Q

functions of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer

A
  1. transport - channels/pumps control what enters/exits the cell, making it selectively permeable
  2. catalysis - speeding up chemical reactions with the help of enzymes
  3. communication - receive signals or recognise cells/molecules
  4. adhesion - stick to other cells, the extracellular matrix or the cytoskeleton
71
Q

carbohydrates in the phospholipid bilayer

A

a class of biomacromolecules made from monosaccharide monomers consisting of CHO
usually chains that extend outside the cell
types:
- glycolipid: a phospholipid bound to a carbohydrate
- glycoprotein: a protein bound to a carbohydrate

72
Q

function of carbohydrates in the phospholipid bilayer

A
  • aid with cell-cell communication
  • signalling
  • recognition of self/foreign molecules
  • adhesion (sticking to other cells)
73
Q

cholesterol in the phospholipid bilayer

A
  • a steroid-alcohol that regulates fluidity in plasma membranes
  • it embeds itself between the fatty acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer IN ANIMAL CELLS (replaced by other similar molecules in cells of organisms of other kingdoms)
74
Q

function of the cholesterol in the phospholipid bilayer

A
  • regulates the fluidity of the membrane
  • at high temperatures, the cholesterol keeps phospholipids bound together
  • at low temperatures, cholesterol disrupts the fatty acid tails, stopping phospholipids from becoming a solid boundary
75
Q

why is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer described as a ‘fluid mosaic?’

A

The plasma membrane is fluid because the phospholipids and other molecules can move around – they are not stiff or held in one place. The plasma membrane is mosaic because many different molecules are embedded in the membrane.

Biology Unit 1 (1 decks)

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