Aos 1

Question 1

Define chronic stress

Answer 1

Chronic stress is a form of stress that endures for months or longer
(ENDURES FOR LONG)

Question 2

Define acute stress

Answer 2

A form of stress characterised by intense physiological and psychological symptoms that are brief in duration
(Short and intense )

Question 3

What is dopamine

Answer 3

A neuromodulater primarily responsible for voluntary motor movement , the experience of pleasure and award based learning

Question 4

What is the effects of Dopamine

Answer 4

• had both inhibitory and excitatory effects on the postsynaptic neuron ( depends on the type of receptor sites present at the particular brain location)
  -coordinated voluntary motor movements ( produced in the substantia Nivea transmits neural messages that enable, smooth coordinated muscle movement) lack of dopamine can lead to Parkinson’s disease
• role in reward based learning, when somebody is rewarded for doing a behaviour , dopamine produced in the (ventral tegmental) are is released which is associated with the experience of pleasure

Question 5

What is serotonin

Answer 5

A neuromodulater primarily responsible for the regulation of mood and sleep

Question 6

What is its effects

Answer 6

• had inhibitory effects on the post synaptic neuron
• role in mood regulation and stabilisation. Appropriate levels = healthy and stable moods promoting wellbeing well low levels = associating with mental disorders such as depression
• role in regulating sleep wake cycle influences quality and quantity of sleep
• has different roles depending on the receptors it binds too but can also include appetite digestion and arousal

Question 7

What is glutamate

Answer 7

The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system

Question 8

What is the effects of glutamate

Answer 8

-excitatory (increases the likelihood of post synaptic neurons firing
- role in learning and memory / strengthens synaptic connections between neurons that are repeatedly activated in learning
- enables synaptic plasticity

Question 9

What is gamma amino butyric acid GABA

Answer 9

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system

Question 11

What is the effects of GABA

Answer 11

-Decreases the likelihood of post synaptic neurons from firing
- regulating postsynaptic activation in neural pathways preventing the overexcitement of neurons
- GABA reduces anxiety, apprehension and worry
- prevents seizures but preventing overexcitement

Question 12

What is the fight flight freeze response in relation to stress

Answer 12

An involuntary and automatic response to a threat or stressor that takes the form of either escaping it, confronting it, or not being able to move facing it

Question 13

5 sympathetic responses

Answer 13

Pupils dilate
Heart rate increases
Blood diverted from kidneys
Urine may be dispersed
Reduced digestive activity

Question 14

5 parasympathetic responses

Answer 14

Pupils constrict
Slowed breathing
Increased digestive activity
Reduced muscle tention
Other organs go back to normal state

Question 15

What is cortisol

Answer 15

A hormone that is released in times of stress to aid the body in initiating and maintaining heightened arousal

Question 16

Short term effects of cortisol

Answer 16

Helps to energise the body by inducing the release of glucose and a rise in blood sugar levels
Helps the body maintain above level bodily arousal even after the fight flight freeze response
In which therefor allows the body to maintain daily functioning well being impacted by the stressor

Question 17

Long term effects of cortisol

Answer 17

High cortisol levels remain in blood stream and lead to surprising the immune system
Maintaining high level functioning depletes energy leading to higher susceptibility of bacteria

Question 18

Advantages of GAS

Answer 18

Model suggests a predictable pattern of responses that can be easily tested in a lab
- identified various biological processes that occur as part of the stress response such as hormone secretion and immune system depletion

Question 19

Disadvantages of GAS

Answer 19

Humans and rats are different physiologically can lead to generalised testing as humans have more complex systems
It does not acknowledge the psychological or cognitive processing which can affect how each person experiences the response

Question 20

Lazarus and Folkman model advantages

Answer 20

Human subjects where used in the creation of the model ( more reliability )

Coping stage provides ways of resolving the stressor

Question 21

Lazarus and Folkman model disadvantages

Answer 21

Does not include biological processes when it is both psychological and physiological

Some argue that primary and secondary appraisals my account simultaneously so ordering chronologically may not be reflective of the stress response in reality

Question 22

Long term potentiation

Answer 22

The long lasting and experience dependent strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly co activated

Question 23

Long term depression

Answer 23

The long lasting and experience dependent weakening of synaptic connections between neurons that are not regularly co activated

Question 24

What is synaptic plasticity

Answer 24

The ability of synaptic connections to change overtime in response to activity or experience

Question 25

Sprouting ?

Answer 25

Is the ability of dendrites or axons to develop new extensions of branches Increases the reach of the neuron and enables the formation of new synaptic connections

Question 26

Rerouting ?

Answer 26

The ability for an undamaged neurons that is connected to a damaged neuron to create and alternative synaptic connection with another undamaged neuron

Question 27

Pruning

Answer 27

The elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated

Question 28

What is GAS ?

Answer 28

A biological model involving 3 stages of psychological reactions that a person experiences in response to a persistent stressor

Question 29

Stages of GAS

Answer 29

1. alarm reaction : substages , shock and counter shock 2 resistance 3. Exhaustion

Question 30

Alarm reaction describe

Answer 30

Shock : decreased bodily arousal for a brief period of time experiences a temper stage of shock Biological processes fall below normal level function e.g blood pressure Counter shock; sympathetic nervous system responses occur that mobilise the body to respond to the stressor Bodil level arousal increases to above average therefor ability to deal with stressor goes above normal

Question 31

Resistance describe

Answer 31

Maintaining high levels of bodily arousal in response to the persistent stressor Increased cortisol levels contribute to the maintenance of this heightened psychological state Most energy directed to confront the stressor

Question 32

Exhaustion describe ?

Answer 32

Involves the depletion of energy levels and bodily resources leading to an inability to cope with the stressor Cortisol and other stress hormones have been present in the body for a long period of time surprsssing immune system functioning leading to illness During exhaustion the body is unable to maintain above level bodily functioning leading to below average decline The body gets burnt out

Question 33

Gut brain axis

Answer 33

The bidirectional connection between the guy and the brain through the enteric and central nervous system

Question 34

Vagus nerve

Answer 34

The longest cranial nerve that connects the gut and the brain enabling them to communicate

Question 35

Microbiota

Answer 35

All the microorganisms that live in the gut

Question 36

Gut microbiome

Answer 36

All of the genes of the microorganisms that live in the gut

Question 37

how does a healthy diet effect GBA

Answer 37

allows for a balanced guy microbiom that is diverse with different types of microorganisms that help with digestion of nutrients