AOS 1 Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
define nation
A
refers to groups of people claiming common bonds based on culture, language and history
2
Q
define state
A
this term refers to the central actor in global politics. States possess permanent population, defined territory and recognised sovereignty. States are not necessarily culturally homogeneous
3
Q
define power
A
refers to the ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another global actor, power can be exercised in a range of types
4
Q
define global governance
A
institutions, norms, rules and legal arrangements that seek to facilitate cooperation and manage relations between states. governance is carried out by both governmental organisations eg the un and non governmental orgs eg amnesty international
5
Q
define multi-lateralism
A
refers to a system of coordinating relations between three or more states usually in pursuit of objectives in a particular area
6
Q
define globalisation
A
refers to acceleration and intensification of exchanges of goods, services, labour and capital which promotes global interdependence. These have been facilitated by rapid changes in communication and technology
7
Q
aims of state
A
- maintain sovereignty
- protect and maintain national security (primary) through a) protecting against external threats and b) maintaining law and order internally
3) achieve/ protect their national interests (secondary)
8
Q
roles of state
A
meet the needs of their citizens through
- defense of borders
- trade and economic growth
- organising international cooperation (diplomacy) to pursue national interests
- maintaining order and justice
9
Q
define sovereignty
A
the concept which recognises the state as the legitimate authority within its boundaries. it is the ability to exercise effective control within recognised borders
10
Q
state sovereignty characteristics
A
- provides states with absolute autonomy over internal affairs through a) control of people eg laws and tax and b) protection of people
- gives states control over their own foreign policy (external power) through a) defense against external threats eg border invasion and b) can be exercised through memberships of institutions of global governance eg the UN.
11
Q
issues of sovereignty
A
sovereignty and non interference
- sov. a barrier for foreign states to engage in the affairs of others but not all states act ethically and humanely and global actors are expected to seek permission before interfering and permission isnt always given
sovereignty and diplomacy
- sov. means all states are equal in the power they hold over their internal affairs and their right to deal with foreign states but in reality some states hold more power than other
12
Q
challenges to sovereignty
A
- contested borders
- regional groupings
- the need for multilateralism
13
Q
venezuela case study and sovereignty
A
- sov and non interference this includes aid and juan gaido has made provisions accepting us aid yet maduro refuses this and burnt the aid
= no order and justice which is state role - venez is a democratic state = leaders elected by people and maduro had unfair election yet gaido wasnt even elected in in the first place
- some commentators have described venezuela as a near failed state losing control of the things that make it a legit state. maintain order and justice and national interests are failing.
14
Q
global governance characteristics
A
political concept which advocates solving international issues through multilateral means.
- urge states to prioritise what is best for common humanity and mutual interests between states over national interests
- loyalty often given to states rather than global governance as the interests of the people within the state reflect the states interests rather than global
- states can pick and choose when to support igo’s = power still resides with a select group
15
Q
The united nations overview
A
an international org founded in 1945
made up of 193 member states
main aim is to maintain peace and security across the world
16
Q
UN aims
A
- to maintain international peace and secutiy
- to develop friendly relationships among nations
- to foster international co-operation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
- to promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world
17
Q
UN roles
A
- to discuss and debate international crises
- to deploy peacekeepers around the world
- to create and enforce international law
- to solve international crises
18
Q
six organs of the un
A
- the economic and social council which deals with sustainable development
- the secretariat- administration arm of the org
- trusteeship council - manages decolonisation
- the international court of justice- settles disputes between nations
- the general assembly - the main global forum for discussing and debating international and political cooperation
- the security council - creates resolutions and recommendations based on investigations of threats to peace and security
19
Q
un effectiveness of power
A
general assembly: vote is non binding just a mere recommendation no real power
security council: resolutions passed are obliged to be followed by all states however there is a veto power from the 5 permanent members
eg draft resolutions ordering ceasefire in syria by all sides vetoed by russia 12 times
- the un doesnt have its own military force and relies on other states for contribution and cooperation of forces in times when military force is deemed necessary
secretariat - global reach vague goal, the sc appoints secretary general = p5 influence. the secretary has the power to call warring parties to the peace table.
eg of negative power was ban ki moon who was persuaded for two years in a row to keep powerful countries off a list of those whose military forces had killed and maimed children. (2012-2016).
20
Q
un effectiveness of aims
A
16 peace keeping missions worldwide eg in south sudan by the security council = goal 2
world health org- india was polio free in 2012 goal 4
unable to achieve main aim of maintaining peace and security ww due to veto power eg lack of intervention in syria in 2012 = 250,000 deaths and 2 mill refugees
21
Q
un effectiveness in global governance
A
helps to facilitate cooperation between states and adherence to international law but due to lack of funding, structure of general assembly and security council un has been ineffective on multiple occasions
22
Q
IMF aims
A
- to promote international monetary cooperation and exchange rate stability
- to facilitate the expansion and growth of trade
- to make the resources of the fund temporarily available to member states under adequate safeguards
- to promote exchange stability
23
Q
IMF roles
A
- to provide loans
- to monitor economic policies
- to offer technical assistance (capacity development)
24
Q
IMF overview
A
established in 1944 with 189 memberstates, works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial security,facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic grwoth and reduce poverty around the world
25
IMF effectiveness of power
power resides in its ability to dictate economic policy through conditional loans
policy reforms is required of states in need of imf funds and if theyre not met funds can be withheld
- conditionality of loans benefit the already powerful western countries eg us and UK who combined make up 49 % of the voting power within the imf, this means countries loan conditions may not benefit their social or cultural beliefs as the reforms often include privatisation of public access goods etc
26
imf effectiveness of power case
iceland in 2008 entered into 2.1 billion package with the imf aimed at restoring confidence and stability in icelands economy. In its sixth consecutive year of growth iceland was able to repay its debt
27
imf effectiveness of aims
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#1. in 2010 the imf and eu approved a bailout of 110 bill euro to greece who was facing sovereign debt crisis in exchange for the greek government to adopt austerity measures, however in 2016 imf neglectfully failed to see greece as a funding risk despite size of loan and length of recession
#2: serbia in 2014 economu was in serious trouble after 2008 global financial crisis. the economy was stagnated through gov overspending and rapid build up of public debt. programs of fiscal adjustment, financial sector strengthening through imf economic advice and monitoring and precautionary financing. in feb 2018 granted a 1.32 bill us three year program with the imf
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28
ICC overview
a permanent international court established to investigate, prosecute and try individuals accused of committing the most serious crimes of concern. their permanent mission is to help put an end to the impunity for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to international community and thus contribute to the prevention of such crimes
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ICC crimes
crimes of genocide
crimes against humanity
crimes of war
crimes of aggression
30
ICC aims
1. to ensure the worst perpetrators of crimes of concern to the international community are held to account
2. to serve as a court of last resort to investigate, prosecute and punish perpetrators of the most serious crimes when their own state is unable or unwilling to do so
3. to assist national judiciaries in investigating and prosecuting the worst perpetrators
4. to help promote international peace and security by deterring future perpetrators
31
ICC roles
1. to enforce the rome statutes
2. to conduct trials
3. to prosecute the perpetrators of serious crimes
32
ICC effectiveness of power
china russis and the us are not part of the icc detracting from its long term effectiveness, to be truly effective all states in the world need to have signed and ratified
- lack of cases outside africa shows they aren't able to influence power over other areas of the world all 4 successful convictions have been from africa
- 4 successful cases demonstrating effectiveness
- too much power given to the prosecutors eg the defence team given less bidget than the prosecutor in the thomas lubanga case this allowed the prosecutor to withhold evidence making a fair trial impossible
33
iCC effectiveness of aims
aim 1- arrest warrent against sudanese president omar al bashir issued in 2009 for crimes of genocide however he still remains free and travels freely as other countries dont want to be responsible or gain harmful relationships with sudan, the icc cannot step in into a country without their permission as seen in aim 3
- thomas lubanga found guilty on march 14 2012 of war crimes of enlisting children under the age of 15 and using them in hostilities, sentenced on 10 of july 2012 to 14 years of imprisonment,
34
define non state actor
an organisation that has significant political influence without being associated with only one state
35
define legal organisation
can be referred to as -an ngo and are not motivated by profit, do not engage in violence and focus primarily on humanitarian causes and motivations
36
Legal org aims
1. to enact changes to global norms.
- Through high level of expertise and info that gives them a legitimacy to allow them to shape norms and standards that guide states to achieve their national interests
2. to raise public awareness through advertising and info sharing campaigns
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legal orgs roles
lobbying igos and states
informing and educating the public
investigating human rights issues
38
legal orgs power
expenditure from 500 mill to 2 bill and employ tens of thousand of workers can have big impact on global issues
internet has allowed igos to create links with individuals and groups who are interested in the same goals, this far reach has allowed igos to have influence as states can no longer ignore the issues they raise
the cultural and economic power they hold has resulted in a redistribution of power among global actors
39
AI aims
campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all
40
AI roles
1. research into human rights violations
2. advocacy and lobbying- to give political pressure
3 campaigns and action - global activism
41
ai research
experts conduct accurate cross checked research into human rights violations by governments and others worldwide
eg phillipines : president rodrigo putertes "war on drugs" escalation led to state sanctioned violence and mass killings by vigilantes claiming more than 6000 lives followin repeated public endorsements by the president for those involved in drug related crime to be killed
42
ai advocacy and lobbying
ai is calling on gov3ernments through lobbying to politically support orgs and systems that exist to support and uphold international law and protect peoples rights eg icc and uns human rights bodies
eg in iran hamd ahmadi an iranian man was arrested as a juvenile for stabbing a man in 2008 .
he is sentenced to death despite iran being party to the convention on the rights of child but its laws still allow death sentence for girls ae 9 up and boys 15 and up. ai is lobbying to change this
43
ai campaigns and action
petitions letter and protests worldwide to press for action from people and institutions
eg phyoe phyoe aung in myanmar walked free in 2016 after being arrested for student activism, ai supporters wrote 394000 letters emails, tweets and more. she was released along with many other student activists
44
AI effectiveness and aims
criticisms includ: focusing on too many fronts moving from original free prisoners of conscience campaigns to arms control corporate accountability etc
is also percieved at antiwest and in 2007 admitted to disproportionate focus on 'democratic open countries as info is more attainable
phyoe phyoe and arms treaty show effectiveness
arms treaty is a multilateral agreement that was sent to the un with 155 countries voting yes in the general assembly. not always effective e us hasnt signed and ratified it and some countries still supply to forces known to commit war crimes so not overly effective still small progress with growing number or countries refusing to supply arms to saudi arabia
45
ai effectiveness and power
"amnesty are instigators to change, but states themselves enact the change"
over 7 million members worldwide
power of technology and communication particularly social media to create a sense of global citizenship
exposes failings in both states and igos eg un however even by own admission progress towards human rihts is challenged by states national interests and security measures.
46
define global terrorist movement
terrorist movements that contain networks which spread across national boundaries rather than being confined to a single state. they use technology to connect organise and achieve their aims
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gtm aims
to gain political power
| to create fear
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gtm roles
use of violence aainst civilians
| spreading of their ideological message
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globalisation and terrorism
has helped facilitate terrorism by
24/7 news and media dissemination \increasing free trade and decrease manufacture cost = small arms easier to obtain
increase spread of knowledge from internet to support recruitment and weapon building
expansion of air travel and global transit = movement of terrorists across borders
50
isis aims
to establish islamic state in syria and iraq and the rest of the levant remain and expand
2. to implement sharia law modelled on ancient islam
3. to terrorise, moblise and polarise
intimidate civilian populations, force govs to engage anti terrorism measures
motivate supporters to take up the cause
create a divide between muslim population and the west
51
isis roles
1. recruit memvers through foreign fighter recruitments
2. expand territory controlled
3. promote ideology through propoganda and social media
4. attacks on civilians (terrorism)
5. territorial claims and international alliances
52
isis power
controlled large areas of lanf in iraq and syria by 2014 but by 2016 that land had reduced by 50 % and now none
- - controls 15,000 foreign fighters from over 80 states
- frequent acts of terrorism directly and indirectly linked to is has provoked states to action against and create a divide between the west and muslim eg tightening security laws, borders and anti terrorism laws
- most islamic countries denounce the org qith 126 sunni-immams and scholars signing a letter in 2014 to is leaderal baghdadi rejecting the interpretation and rebuking it for war crimes and acts of terror
- global coalition to defeat isis in 2014 inc 79 states whcih have military conventions 22.2 bill in economic and humanitarian support and counter defence
- battles in aleppo and mosul won by coalition
- no political influence or legitimacy as ceasefire tals by un did not include is in peace talks during 2016
53
is effectiveness aims
terrorise: 2016 terror attacks in parris claiming lives of 126 people and 2016 baghdadi care bombing killing 300 leading states to tighten borders, heighten security and anti terror laws
mobilise: created divide of west and is due to heightened measures of national security
1. did establish a proto state no international recognition and has been destroyed
2. hisbah police who enforce sharia law.
54
Transnational corporations definition
refers to a company whose operations and investments extend beyond the boundaries of the state in which it is registered
55
aims of tncs
1. maximise profit
| 2. pursue business activities free from restrictions imposed by other global actors
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roles of tncs
1. foreign direct investment
2. employment of workers
3. active trade of goods and services across borders
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Tnc exploitation
- tend to pay low wages to maximise profit
- factories in developing states where wages and working conditions not as strict. eg bangladesh 2013
- discourage local enterprises by entering the market with higher market power =lower priced products
- tax evasions and weak law enforcement and tax legislation
- abusing natural resources of developing states
58
Apple aims
1. create the best personal computers in the world and professional software
2. lead the digital music revolution with ipods and itunes online store
3. reinvent the mobile phoen with revolutionary iphone and app store
4. to define the future of mobile media and computing devices through ipad
59
apple roles
.- innovation
- focusing on the simple not complex
- own and control the primary technologies
- participate in markets where they can make a significant contribution
- deep collaboration and cross pollination
- never settle for less than excellence
- change
60
apple exploitation
foxconns flagship plant in china = 18 reported suicide attempts in 2010 14 confirmed dead. due to
- bad working conditions
- long working hours 12 hour days and high pressure work
- young workforce and high turnover
- cruel management
- rooms meant to sleep 8 but sleep 12
- spilt chemicals, rusting facilities
61
regional relationships definition
positive regional relationships are an important national interest to a state as they ensure its neighbours will not behave in a hostile manner and thus threaten state sovereignty. alliances with other like minded neighbours may help the success of other national interests. however a state may consider other national interests more important than positive regional relationships if they better achieve the aims of a state.
62
region characteristics
a spatial concept used to descrive
- geographic proximity
- close relations
- shared framework
- common cultural identities
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how regionalism works
states geographically close trading bloc to minimize tariffs + grow economy.
this requires interaction and closer relations between states.
= each state has less power over tarrifs but economic power gained
64
why states join regional groupings
economic- economic support that leads states to surrender part of their economic sovereignty
security: closer relationships, greater integration and reduces likelihood of one member state attacking another
culturally: greater movement of people across the borders and lessening of cultural divides
65
regionalism challenge to sovereignty
states delegate part of their sovereignty to a supranational organisation.
eg the eu with 28 member states transferring decision making in areas of trade, agriculture and fisheries. 19 member states have the same currency and member states are not permitted to pass local laws that contradict the eu law.
66
international law definition
Traditionally only relating to states, international law is a body of rules established by custom or written legal agreements that are accepted as binding upon the international community. Customary international law applies to all global actors. Written legal agreements, such as treaties, are only binding to those who consent to it through explicit ratification. Some international laws may apply only to states, such as the UN Convention against Torture, while others may apply directly to citizens, such as war crimes.
67
regionalism example
- poland and hungary making decisions that contravene the eu values.
in 2015 in poland there was a restructuring of the constitutional court and dismissed five constitutional judges resulting in a 2 thirds majority vote for changes.
the eu has petitioned to begin article 7 action against poland however hungary is going to veto the sanctions resulting in the sovereignty of poland is not challenged despite efforts from eu
- hungary is refusing to take in asylum seekers and made it a criminal offence for laywers and student activists to help asylum seekers, this is under the banner of facilitating illegal immigration. the eu parliament was also concerned with this and other issues and attempted to enact article seven but again poland prepared to veto the situation
68
how do contested borders challenge state sovereignty
they challenge the state hoods of permanent population, recognised sovereignty and defined borders.
can be through internal or external forces
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example of contested borders- china and tibet conflict
tibet a nation within china is fighting for its sovereignty
issue is over whether tibet should seperate and become new sovereign state
this occured after chinese authorities made an agrreement that was signed under durress by tibets and allowed the establishment of civil and military headquarters in tibet. they also then stole the panchen lama replacing it with a chinese appointed panchen lama = political unrest
leading to challenged sovereignty internally as although they have part sovereignty their ability to exercise effective control over their citizens eg panchen lama has been stripped
70
example of contested borders - ukraine russia conflict
external
vladimir putin invaded ukraine in september 2014. he provided military weapons to pro-russian rebel groups and he invades the annex crimea. he did this in order to gain popularity.
in 2015 a peace agreement called for ceasefire creating a security zone (demilitarized) however it remains the most violent place in ukraine putting 10,000 people at risk daily.
this challenged sovereignty as ukraine does not have defined borders which is a key element of statehood.
71
issues requiring multilateral resolution
cooperation among several nations or states.
it requires states to work together to solve crises. regional groupings and igos such as the un allow states to meet together in multilateral forms to discuss issues and solution.
72
how is multilateralism different to global governance
global governance takes a broader view of facilitating cooperations and relations between states in a more general way.
multilateralism is more specific issues
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issue requiring multilateralism - climate change
global warming is unable to be solved by one single state. conditions which cause climate change to extend across borders so states have resulted to work together to reduce carbon emissions
this challenged sovereignty as they surrender part of their sovereignty eg allow outside agencies to monitor their pollution activities, these activities are usually linked to things that cause economic growth eg transport industry and agriculture so reduction in these can harm national interests
states must strike a balance
74
climate change example
the paris agreement
signed in 2016 with 120 countries signing the legally binding agreements on climate change after 2015 united nations climate change conference.
states each country must achieve their individual goal of reducing pollution.
the us has pulled out of this agreement saying it costs too much money 4 trillion and would kill jobs hindering oil gas coal and manufacturing industries.
this challenges sov as seen in us however doesn't overly challenge as any country can pull out and there are no consequences if a country doesnt achieve its aims
75
apple power
first 1 trill company = market power, revenue comes from minimal costs of production and brand loyalty
- apple stood up to fbi stating their connection to the case doesnt justify being "drafted into government service" . after new encryption locks even apple out
-apple kept china manufactured iphones off list of chinese imports gaining tarrifs. smartwatches and bluetooth speakers also taken off
- employs 3 million jobs in china any intentionally imposed targets against apple by china would cause detriment of the country
- challenge to power was lawsuit filed against apple by the eu ruling illegal state aid tax deal between apple and ireland for
apple produced in ireland as it had lowest tax rates and kept the money there as a way of circumventing a higher us corporate tax code.
76
apple effectiveness of aims
able to achieve aims through owning and maintaining exclusive control over software on iphones giving it monopoly like control over the iphones
