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biology unit 3 - 4 > AOS 1 - Nucleic acids and proteins in maintaining life > Flashcards

AOS 1 - Nucleic acids and proteins in maintaining life Flashcards

- Nucleic acids and proteins - DNA Manipulation

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1
Q

Nucleic acids are

A

large, linear polymer built from nucleotide monomers bonded responsible for carrying all genetic information of that organism and encoding instructions for the synthesis of proteins in cells.

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2
Q

Primary Structure of Protein is

A

a specific order of the amino acids

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3
Q

Secondary Structure of Protein is

A

a linear sequence which is folded into a alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet

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4
Q

Tertiary Structure of Protein is

A

When the polypeptide is then folded into a specific 3D structure which gives it is function (most proteins stop at this stage)

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5
Q

Quaternary Structure of Protein is

A

When 2 or more polypeptide chains/ tertiary structure of protein/ proteins are bonded together, giving it a specific function (not all proteins get to this stage)

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6
Q

Transcription is

A

First step in gene expression which involves the creation of a pre-mRNA molecule from genetic information found in DNA (for protein synthesis)

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7
Q

Translation is

A

The second process of gene expression which involves the making of a polypeptide chain (using the messenger RNA (mRNA) genetic information)

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8
Q

Polymers are

A

materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules / monomers (e.g. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid
are made up of nucleotides))

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9
Q

Monomers is

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. (e.g. nucleotides (make up DNA))

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10
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA) are

A

single strand of copied genetic information, which is needed to make proteins. They carry the information from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm where the proteins are made

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11
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA) are

A

a small RNA molecule that participates in protein synthesis. It carries a specific amino acid based on its anticodon.

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12
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are

A

molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome

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13
Q

Promoter Regions is

A

A region on the DNA where the RNA polymer binds to start transcription

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14
Q

Introns is

A

a portion of a gene that does not code for amino acids.

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15
Q

Exons is

A

The sequence of DNA present in mature messenger RNA, some of which encodes the amino acids of a protein.

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16
Q

Enzymes are

A

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions

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17
Q

coenzymes are

A

non-protein organic substances that assist enzyme function (ATP, NADH, NADPH)

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18
Q

Optimum Temperature is

A

The temperature at which an enzyme shows its highest activity (the temp of an enzyme that works/functions its best at)

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19
Q

Anabolic

A

Anabolism requires energy to grow and build (big –> small)

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20
Q

Catabolic

A

Catabolism uses energy to break down.

large molecules in living cells are broken down, or degraded

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21
Q

Secretory pathway is

A

the pathway by which the cell secretes proteins into the extracellular environment

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22
Q

Experimental group is

A

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment (independent variable)

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23
Q

Control Group is

A

The group in an experiment that doesn’t receive the treatment (doesn’t receive the independent variable) (this is used to compare the treated and non treated groups)

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24
Q

differences and similarities between DNA and RNA

A 
differences:
DNA / RNA :
- Deoxyribose / Ribose (extra OH group)
- Makes up the genetic code / Ribose (extra OH group)
- Thymine / Uracil 
- Double stranded / Single stranded

similarities:

  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • carry genetic information
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25
Q

nucleotides are made up of 3 distinct chemical components:

A
  • phosphate group
  • five carbon pentose sugar
  • a nitrogenous base: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
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26
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction is a technique used to rapidly make many copies of an original DNA sample

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27
Q

Primer

A

Are short single DNA sequence used in PCR technique, they bind to the DNA which is needed for polymerase to bind to start PCR

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28
Q

Denaturing (2)

A
  • The change of the active site shape on an enzyme due to high temperatures
  • in PCR: The DNA is heated to approximately 95°C to break the hydrogen bonds to form a single strand DNA
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29
Q

Annealing

A

in PCR: The sample is cooled to 55°C to allow the primers to bind to complementary sequences of the single stranded DNA

30
Q

Extending

A

in PCR: The DNA is heated to 72°C which allows Taq polymerase to work optimally. It binds to the primer, which acts as a starting point and begins synthesizing a new DNA strand.

31
Q

Polymerase

A

An enzyme which catalyze the formation of DNA or RNA

32
Q

Taq Polymerase

A

This polymerase is used in PCR due to its durability to very high temperatures (maintain its shape). Taq polymerase comes from a bacteria called Thermus aquaticus that live in hot springs.

33
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

A technique used to compare DNA samples by separating them by size. DNA samples are often amplified using PCR and cut using restriction enzymes before being separated. An electric current is used to separate the fragments.

34
Q

DNA ligase

A

Are enzymes that join nucleic acid fragments together by helping to create bonds between a sugar and a phosphate (backbone)

35
Q

GFP gene

A

Green fluorescent protein (in Jellyfish - give green glow)

36
Q

Restriction enzyme/ endonuclease

A

Are enzymes that can break the bonds between nucleotides and nucleic acids (cuts DNA). (restriction enzyme is a type of endonuclease that are produced by bacteria and can cut DNA at specific sequences. )

37
Q

Trp operon (no attenuation)

A

a group of genes that encode biosynthetic enzymes for the amino acid tryptophan

38
Q

Plasmid

A

a small, often circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and other cells

39
Q

Recombinant plasmid

A

When researchers insert DNA fragments or genes into a plasmid vector

40
Q

Vector (for a gene)

A

a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed (e.g. plasmid)

41
Q

Bacterial transformation

A

Bacteria that take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment

42
Q

Sticky ends

A

When the end of the DNA have one single strand overhanging segment

43
Q

Transgenic

A

one or more DNA sequences from another species have been introduced by artificial means.

44
Q

ampR gene

A

Ampicillin resistance gene confers resistance to the antibiotic, Ampicillin

45
Q

Gene regulation

A

the process of turning genes on and off

46
Q

Sterile

A
  1. incapable of reproduction

2. surgically clean, free from contamination from other organisms

47
Q

Ethical approaches : Consequence based

A

to maximize positive outcome while minimizing negative effects.

48
Q

ligase are

A

enzymes that join nucleic acid fragments together by helping to create bonds between a sugar and a phosphate (backbone)

49
Q

Genetically modified

A

An organism’s DNA which had been altered by using genetic engineering techniques.

50
Q

Ethical approaches : duty/rule bases

A

to follow the set rules and responsibilities, with less regard for the consequences that may result.

51
Q

Ethical approaches : Virtues-based

A

to emphasize the moral nature of the individual, and provide guidance as to the behaviors a morally good person would hope to achieve.

52
Q

Ethical concepts : Integrity

A

the commitment to knowledge

53
Q

Ethical concepts : Justice

A

the commitment to fairness

54
Q

Ethical concepts : Beneficence

A

the commitment to maximizing benefits

55
Q

Ethical concepts : Respect

A

the commitment to consideration

56
Q

Ethical concepts : Non-maleficence

A

the commitment to minimizing harm

57
Q

Control Group

A

a group separated from the rest of the experiment, where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results.

58
Q

control variable is

A

a variable that need to be kept constant for the results to be accurate.

59
Q

Properties of the genetic code : Universal

A

nearly all living organisms use the same codons to code for specific amino acids

60
Q

Properties of the genetic code : Ambiguous

A

each codon is only capable of coding for one specific amino acid

61
Q

Properties of the genetic code : Non-overlapping

A

each triplet or codon is read independently, without overlapping from adjacent triplets or codons

62
Q

Properties of the genetic code : Degenerate

A

each amino acid may be coded for by multiple different codons

63
Q

methyl cap and poly-A tail

A

binds to the mRNA to protect it from cytoplasm enzymes and help guide the mRNA from the nucleuses to a ribosome. (methyl –> 5’ , poly-A tail –> 3’ )

64
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

prevents the substrate from binding to the enzyme, by blocking its active site. (attaches to the active site)

65
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

prevents the substrate from binding to the enzyme, by changing the shape of the enzyme by binding to an allosteric site.

66
Q

Crispr-Cas 9 is

A

a quicker, cheaper and more accurate way of editing an organisms DNA. (evolved in bacteria - immune system) (can cut more than one gene sequence)

67
Q

PAM is

A

a short segment on the DNA to signa Cas9 to stop and check for a complementary DNA to the signal guide RNA (sgRNA). (PAM isn’t present on the bacteria’s DNA to prevent it from cutting it’s DNA)

68
Q

sgRNA is

A

signal guide RNA (ribose nucleic acid), a short RNA sequence used to guide the Cas9 to the site of interest

69
Q

trp repressor protein

A

prevents trp (tryptophan) from being expressed by blocking the polymerase at the operator.

70
Q

heat shock

A

an in crease in temperature which encourages the bacteria to take in the plasmid from the environment

71
Q

electroporation

A

short high-voltage pulses which encourages the bacteria to take in the plasmid

biology unit 3 - 4 (1 decks)

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