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Psychology - Unit 1 > AOS 2 > Flashcards

AOS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Myelination

A

The formation and development of myelin around the axon of a neuron

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2
Q

Symptoms of CTE

A
  • Cognitive Imparements (memory loss, difficulties with attention amd concentration)
  • Mood disorders (Depression and Anxiety)
  • Impulsivity
  • Executive function imparements (planning, reasoning and judgement)
  • Aggression
  • Dementia
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3
Q

Midbrain

A

A region at the centre of the brain, between the hindbrain and forebrain, and is part of the brainstem

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4
Q

Influence of the First Brain Experimets

A

Provided evidence of hemispheric specialisation.

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5
Q

Adaptive Plasticity - Effectiveness

A

Can occur throughout the whole lifespan. However, is more efficient in younger people due to the higher levels of developmental plasticity.

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6
Q

Causes of CTE

A
  • Repeated blows to the head
  • Trigger an abnormal build up of a protein called tau in the brain which leads to the death of brain cells.
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7
Q

Brain

A

A complex organ contained within the skull that coordinates mental processes and behaviour, and regulates bodily activity.

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8
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

A non-invasive structural neuroimaging technique developed in the 1970s, which uses magnetic and radio fields to take images of the brain.

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9
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer layer of the cerebrum that covers the brain

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10
Q

Brain Lesioning

A

Involved the damage of brain tissue in anima;s, followed by the observation of changes in the animals behaviours.

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11
Q

PVC - Contralateral Organisation

A
  • Left visual field = Right occipital lobe
  • Right visual field = Left occipital lobe
  • Centre visual field = Both occipital lobes
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12
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

The elimination of underused synapses

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13
Q

Brain Abalation

A

Involved the surgical removal of brain tissue in animals, followed by observation of changes in the animal’s behaviour.

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14
Q

Forebrain

A

A large and prominent brain region that is located at the top and front of the brain.

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15
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The largest and front-most lobe of the cerebral cortex.

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16
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

A progressive and a fatal brain disease associated with repeated exposure to mild traumatic brain injuries, such as concussion.

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17
Q

Pons

A

Handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing.

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18
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (PMC)

A
  • Located at the rear of each frontal lobe
  • Responsible for the movement of the skeletal muscles of the body
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19
Q

Mind-body Problem

A

Asks if the mind is part of the body. Is the mind a seperate entity from the brain and body?

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20
Q

Ways to Maintain and Maximise Brain Functioning

A
  • Mental Stimulation
  • Diet
  • Physical Activity
  • Social Support
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21
Q

Hindbrain

A

A region at the base of the brain, located around the brain, located around and including some of the brainstem.

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22
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

The lobe of the cerebral cortex, located behind the frontal lobe.

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23
Q

Medulla

A
  • Regulates autonomic processes, such as respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
  • Also has an important role in initiating reflexs, (eg. coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.)
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24
Q

Concussion

A

A mild traumatic brain injury that temporarily disrupts brain function.

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25
Brain vs Heart Debate
Asks what is the source of our thoughts, feelings and behaviours, our brain or heart?
26
Neuroimaging Techniques
Procedures and devices that are used to take sorts of the brain, providing information about the brain structure and function. - CT - MRI - PET - fMRI
27
Prevention of CTE
- Whilst there is no cure, there is currently a focus on prevention through avoiding repeated head injuries. - Helmets and protective headgear do not stop brain trauma.
28
Temporal Lobe
The lowest lobe of the cerebral cortex, located beneath the parietal lobe.
29
Neuroplasticity
The ability of the brain to change in response to experience or environmental stimulation
30
Diagnosis of CTE
- Can only be made through a post-mortem examination of the brain. - Shrinkage of the brain
31
Hemispheric Specialisation
The difference in functioning between the left and right hemispheres of the brain when performing a specific behaviour or task.
32
Occipital Lobe
The rearmost lobe of the cerebral cortex, located behind the parietal lobe.
33
Phrenology
The study of the shape and size of the human skull to determine personality and mental functioning.
34
Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
Refers to all types of brain injury that occur after birth.
35
PAC - Contralateral Organisation
Verbal (words) = Left hemisphere Non-verbal (music) = Right hemisphere
36
Brain Trauma
Is damage to the brain that is caused by an external force
37
Hypothalamus
produces hormones that control - Body temperature - Heart rate - Hunger
38
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (PSC)
- Situated at the front of each parietal lobe - Recieves and processes sensations such as: Touch Pressure Temp Pain
39
Adaptive Plasticity
The brain's ability to restore adequate neural functioning over time after sustaining injury
40
Neuroimaging Technique Categories
Structural Techniques - Provide information on what the brain looks like. Functional Techniques - Provide information on brain activity.
41
Parietal lobe is responsible for
- Sensing the position of our body in space - Spatial reasoning - Perception of 3D objects
42
PMC - Contralateral Organisation
Left PMC = Right-hand side Right PMC = Left-hand side
43
Computerised Tomography (CT)
A non-invasive neuroimaging technique, developed in the 1970s, which uses X-rays to take images of the brain.
44
Developmental Plasticity
Changes in the brain that occur in response to ageing and maturation
45
Cerebral Hemispheres
The symetrical halves of the cerebrum in the brain.
46
Impact of ABIs on functioning
Biological - Changes to the function of organs and neurons. Psychological - Changes to a person's thoughts, feelings and behaviour. Social - Changes to a person's interpersonal skills and interactions with other people.
47
Primary Auditory Cortex (PAC)
Recieves and processes auditory info
48
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
A non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique introduced in the 1990s, it traces oxygen levels in the brain and produces high-quality coloured images showing different levels of brain activity.
49
PSC - Contralateral Organisation
Left PSC = Right-hand side Right PSC = Left-hand side
50
Cerebellum
Muscle control, including balance and movement
51
Cerebral Cortex is responsible for
- Higher-order thinking processes - Memory - Language - Regulation of emotions
52
Primary Visual Cortex (PVC)
Recievces and Processes visual info
53
Hindbrain is responsible for
- Regulation of sleep-wake cycle - Regulation of autonomic functions (eg. breathing, heartrate, digestion, ect) - Coordination of muscle movement.
54
Synaptogenesis
The formation of synapses between neurons as axon terminals and dendrites grow
55
What are the 2 types of ABIs?
Traumatic - External Force Non-Traumatic - Internal Factors
56
Reticular Formation
(Same as midbrain) - Relaying messages between the hindbarin and forebrain - Filtering and direction sensory information - Regulating arousal and alertness
57
Galls 3 Principles
1. A person's faculties (intellectual abilities and personalites traits) depends on the organisation of the brain. 2. The brain is made up of many 'organs' each of which is responsible for a different mental faculty - the more developed the faculty, the larger the part of the brain wuod be. 3. The external form of the skull reflects the internal form of the brain, therefore analysis of the skull can be used to diagnose the faculties of an individual.
58
Thalamus
Sensory processing (all except smell) before being sent to the cerebral cortex for interpretation.
59
Frontal lobe is responsible for
- Planning - Judgement - Problem-solving - Aspects of personality - Regulation of emotions - Production of fluent and articulate speech (Broca's area - left hemisphere only)
60
Position Emission Tomography (PET)
A non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique that uses radioactive glucose and produces coloured images of the brain showing different levels of brain activity.
61
Cerebrum
Controls - Muscle functions - Speech - Thought - Emotions - Reading - Writing - Learning
62
Temporal lobe is responsible for
- Object and facial recognition - Appropriate emotional responses - Memories of facts and personal experiences Left temporal lobe contains Wernicke's area, responsible for language comprehension.
63
Split-brain Research
Observation on patients who had a severed corpus callosum and therefore, their left and right cerebral hemispheres had been seperated.
64
Midbrain is responsible for
(Same as Reticular Formation) - Relaying messages between the hindbrain and forebrain - Filtering and direction sensory information - Regulating arousal and alertness
65
Corpus Callosum
Bundle of nerve fibres that connects the left and right brain hemispheres.
66
Occipital lobe is responsible for
Visual perception
67
Forebrain is responsible for
- Complex mental process (eg. decision -making, processing sensory info, ect.) - Attention and filtering sensory info - Homeostasis

Psychology - Unit 1 (2 decks)

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