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Modern History - Unit 1 > AOS 2 > Flashcards

AOS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

Discriminatory laws that divided society into ‘whites’ and ‘blacks’

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2
Q

When were Jim Crow Laws implemented?

A

1881-1891

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3
Q

Plessy v Fergusson

A

An 1896 court case where Plessy challenged segregation in train travel. He was unsuccessful, and the precedent of ‘separate but equal’ was established

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4
Q

Separate but Equal

A

the philosophical underpinning of segregation, saying that segregation was considered constitutional as long as separate facilities were equal. This was a theory that did not often translate into a practical reality.

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5
Q

Student Sit-Ins

A
  • Inspired by the Montgomery Bus Boycotts
  • Comenced 1 February 1960, Greensboro North Carolina
  • White segregationists would beat, kick, burn and maim protestors, pouring, eggs, milk and flour over their heads while they sat.
  • King supported legal representation for those who were arrested.
  • Highlighted the effectiveness of peaceful protests
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6
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

A race- based group that actively fought for the supremacy of whites

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7
Q

Lynching

A
  • Involved kidnapping African American men, killing them (often by hanging, but not always),
  • Tying a rope around their neck, and leaving hanging them from a tree as a warning to others not to protest.
  • Mob violence and murder were meant to punish and intimidate African Americans.
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8
Q

Emmett Till

A
  • 1955
  • Lynching of 14 year-old
  • Till from North
  • Uproar about murder
  • Inspired Rosa Parks
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9
Q

NAACP

A
  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
  • An organisation whose mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of people of colour
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10
Q

Ways to Desegregate Public Transport

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A
  • 1955 - 1956
  • Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat
  • Black people boycotted the bus system
  • Massive media coverage
  • Highlighted the success of non-violent protests
  • Introduced MLK as a leader and important figure
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11
Q

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

A

A pro- black organisation established during the Montgomery Bus Boycotts

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12
Q

Ways to Desegregate Public Transport

Freedom Rides

A
  • May 1961
  • Black students sat in the white sections of southern buses
  • Students had bricks thrown at them and were beaten with bats.
  • Heads were cracked and many protestors were beaten unconcious.
  • Changed and JFK Desegregated public transport
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13
Q

Ways to Desegregate Education

Brown v Board of Education

A
  • 1951
  • Oliver Brown and Thurgood Marshall argued that children could not get an equal education in segregated schools.
  • Using a psychologist with dolls as evidence
  • Lost the case at the Kansas
  • Appealed to Supreme Court
  • 500 US schools desegregated by 1954
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14
Q

Ways to Desegregate Education

Little Rock Nine

A
  • 1957
  • 9 Students attended a racist school in Little Rock, Arkansas
  • Angry protestors would gather outside the school
  • The students would be barred from school
  • President ordered 1000 soldiers to escort the students
  • Faced constant bullying
  • Little Rock finally accepted limited desegregation
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15
Q

Birmingham Riots

A
  • 1963
  • Most segregated city in America
  • Birmingham would be a symbol to the whole South, by integrating Birmingham, the South would fall
  • Birmingham protests meant to provoke a response, highlighting the need for equality
  • Police Chief Eugiene Connor blasted high-pressure power hoses at protesters, sweeping them off the streets and causing many serious injuries.
  • Police dogs to attacked protesters, when protesters tried to protect themselves they were beaten by police.
  • All were caught by photographers and TV.
  • 2 days later, thousands of protesters kneeled on the streets praying.
  • Police disobeyed Connor and, in an act of respect, allowed the protesters to continue marching down the main street.
  • Connor stepped down from office
  • Stepping stool for the March on Washington
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16
Q

March on Washington

A
  • 1963
  • Activist A. Philip Randolph advocated a massive march to put pressure on politicians to pass the Civil Rights Bill
  • JFK was initially against the march
  • The planning for the march went ahead anyway and received JFK’s reluctant support.
  • 250,000 black and white Americans turned out to show their support.
  • King’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech was the most memorable event of the march. Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial, was voted the most inspiring speech of the twentieth century.
  • Full of powerful imagery and repetition to help convince people of the need for integration
  • The stereotype that African Americans were illiterate and violent was shattered due to the intelligent, organised and patriotic events
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17
Q

Civil Rights Act

Year

A
  • 1964
18
Q

Bedrock Legislation

A

The legislation was passed to provide the legal framework for apartheid

19
Q

African National Congress (ANC)

A
  • Formed in 1912
  • Aimed was to bring all Africans together as one people to defend their rights and freedoms.
  • Older members favoured moderate, gradual, nonconfrontational change
  • Young members favoured a more militant approach.
20
Q

Consequences of Apartheid

A

Apartheid classified the South African population into 4 groups:
- Whites,
- Coloured,
- Asians and
- Blacks (indigenous population)

Blacks lost the rights to:
- vote
- citizenship
- own land (that wasn’t a black-designated area)

21
Q

Defiance Campaign

A
  • June 1952
  • ANC attempt to appease the Youth League
  • Non-cooperation and non-violent protest against bedrock laws
  • Created the Freedom Charter
22
Q

Freedom Charter

A

Idealistic list of rights drawn up by the Congress Alliance in 1955
- Everyone shall have the right to vote.
- No one shall be imprisoned, deported or restricted without a fair trial.
- The law shall guarantee the right to speak, organise, meet together, publish, preach, worship and educate their children.
- All shall be free to form trade unions.
- Education shall be free, compulsory, universal and equal for all children.

23
Q

Sharpeville Massacre

A
  • Pass laws, regulated the movement of Indigenous Africans into white areas.
  • 10 Bantustans (ghettos) were created.
  • 21 March 1960, a protest was organised by the Pan-African Congress (PAC), 5,000 - 7,000 people protested at the police station without passes.
  • There were only 20 policemen and the protestors were expecting little retaliation.
  • The police, ordered a jet to fly low over the crowds and set up armoured cars around the crowd.
  • At 1:15 p.m. the police opened fire, 69 people were killed.
  • South African Government declared a state of emergency.
  • Police arrested 20,000 protestors and the PAC and ANC were banned under the Unlawful Organisations Act 1960.
  • international isolation of the South African Government, began.
  • South Africa was expelled from the British Commonwealth.
24
Q

Umkhonto we Sizwe - ‘Spear of the Nation’

A
  • Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and others formed an underground military organisation in 1961 called Umkhonto we Sizwe.
  • 1961, and over the next three years were responsible for over 200 attacks on power lines, post offices, jails and other government installations.
  • Plans were also considered for a guerrilla war, should the sabotage campaign fail to remove apartheid.
25
Q

Rivonia Trial

A
  • 1963–64
  • For the government, Umkhonto we Sizwe had proved itself to be a terrorist organisation, and it was treated as such.
  • Mandela was arrested 5 August 1963, and along with 10 other leaders was sentenced in 1964 to life in prison for sabotage and attempting to overthrow the state.
  • Mandela spent 27 years in prison for his opposition to the government’s policy of apartheid.
26
Q

Soweto Riots

A
  • Lead by Steven Biko
  • Soweto is a settlement in the south of Johannesburg.
  • Riots started after the government made the ruling that school subjects would be taught in Afrikaans
  • Afrikaans was considered the ‘language of oppressors’
  • Indigenous teachers complained about not being fluent in Afrikaans
  • June 16, 1976 - Peaceful student protests began
  • Protests grew to 8,000 - 10,000 strong.
  • Police halted the march at 9 a.m.
  • By 9:30, shots had been fired, students were killed and violence had escalated
  • Students set fire to buildings and looted bottle shops
  • Schools were closed, and thousands more students joined the riots.
  • Reports claim anywhere from 23 - 200 people died during the riots.
  • By the end of the 17 June, most government buildings had been burned down, along with buses, cars and 3 schools.
  • Over 1,500 police patrolled the town and more protestors were shot
  • Black workers went on strike and white students joined the protests.
  • Riots formed in nearby towns, most peaceful, some violent, more protestors were shot
  • Police victory
  • International press coverage, led to further economic isolation of South Africa, with the UN imposing military and sporting sanctions.
  • South Africa was banned from the Olympics, Cricket and Rugby until the early ‘90s
27
Q

Formal End of Apartheid

A
  • 2 Feb 1990
  • Between February and June 1990, all aspects of the bedrock legislation were removed.
  • 11 February Nelson Mandela was released
  • Mandela refused to condemn armed resistance, but said that reconciliation and forgiveness were the best ways forward
  • 27 April 1994. Mandela and the ANC won the popular vote, and he became President of South Africa
28
Q

Afrikaans

A

dutch-derived creole that developed in south Africa

29
Q

Black Consciousness Movement (BCM)

A

An anti-apartheid activist group formed in the mid-1960s after the crackdown on earlier black political movements in the wake of the sharpeville Massacre

30
Q

South African Student Organisation (SASO)

A

An organisation comprising students who resisted apartheid through political means; formed in 1968

31
Q

Treason Trials

A

A government response to the freedom charter of 1955 where ANC leaders were tried under the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950, which outlawed the south African communist party (sAcp)

32
Q

State of Emergency

A

A situation in which the government suspends normal procedures due to danger or disaster

33
Q

Bantustan

A

Homeland; under apartheid law in south Africa people were relegated to separate homelands

34
Q

Congress Alliance

A

A combination of several groups, including the ANc, that opposed the south African government

35
Q

Militant

A

Person or group prepared to engage in aggressive or physical conflict for a cause

36
Q

ANC Youth League

A

Formed in 1944 by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo as a response to the conservative approach of the leaders of the ANC itself

37
Q

Apartheid

A

A system that discriminates or persecutes on the basis of race and separates races from one another

38
Q

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

A

A civil rights organisation founded in 1942 that played a central part in the civil rights movement

39
Q

Sit-in

A

Peaceful student protest during the early 1960s to protest against segregation

40
Q

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

A

A pro- black organisation established during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955

Modern History - Unit 1 (2 decks)

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