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Flashcards in AOS 2: Deck (36)
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0
Q

What age range is middle age?

A

40-65 years

1
Q

Name the stages of the lifespan.

A

Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, older age

2
Q

What age range is childhood?

A

Two to ten

3
Q

Which areas of development are included in psychological development?

A

Cognitive, social and emotional.

4
Q

What are the areas of human development?

A

Physical, emotional, cognitive, social development

5
Q

There are two theories of how development occurs; discontinuous and continuous. Explain these two concepts.

A

Discontinuous: development involves separate and distinct stages. Particular stages have distinct beginning and endings.
Continuous: development occurs gradually overtime, with ongoing changes, without sudden shifts. Abilities from earlier in life are the basis for of skills and abilities in the latter stages of development- each area develops from the previous.

6
Q

Do individuals develop at exactly the same rate and in exactly the same way?

A

No. Even identical twins will develop differently and at different rates.

7
Q

What is maturation?

A

Refers to the orderly and sequential developmental changes which occur in the nervous system and other bodily structures controlled by our genes. This suggests that the development of individuals follows the same process or pattern, except in the circumstance of significant interference from environmental factors.

8
Q

Explain the principle of readiness?

A

Unless the necessary bodily structures (muscles, bones, nerves) are sufficiently mature, then no amount of practice will produce the particular behaviour.

9
Q

Give an example of the principle of readiness.

A

Walking- you must have the bodily structures ready to enable walking. This means that infants will not walk before they are physically ready. I.e they will roll, lift head, crawl and then walk.

10
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

Longitudinal studies are long term investigations that follows the same group (or groups) of people over an extended period of time, observing any changes in thoughts, feelings and/or behaviour that occur at different ages.

11
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

Compares groups of participants of different ages over a short period of time.

12
Q

What is a monozygotic twin?

A

Formed when a single fertilised egg splits into two in the first few days after conception. Identical twins- same genetics/genes.

13
Q

If a person was feeling quite nervous, perhaps a sense of dread about the future, experienced some physical symptoms including racing heart, sweating, dizziness, and this carried on for a long time, or without a known cause. … What might the person be experiencing?

A

Anxiety. Either a mental health problem, or a mental illness- depending on severity and length of time experienced.

14
Q

Explain what a mental health continuum is.

A

This is a scale from mentally healthy, through to mental illness ( at either end of the scale). In the middle of the scale there is a section called mental health problem- these are considered short term , or less intense than a mental illness. Left untreated/alone, these problems may go away on their own, or may get worse and move into a more severe mental illness.

15
Q

Explain the three criteria for ADHD.

A

Impulsivity, hyperactivity, inattention.

16
Q

When is ADHD first usually diagnosed?

A

ADHD is usually seen in children under the years of 12. Therefore it is usually first diagnosed in childhood. In saying that, it can be seen or first diagnosed in any other lifespan stage as well, it is just more common that the behavioural issues are first noted in childhood.

17
Q

What is the percentage of people who continue to experience ADHD into adulthood?

A

75%

18
Q

Anxiety has three basic components …. What are they?

A

Feelings, behavioural, physiological

19
Q

How many people experience an anxiety disorder in their lifetime, according to 2007 ABS statistics ?

A

14.4% or 2.5 million people

20
Q

Which age range is most likely to suffer an anxiety disorder?

A

35-44 year olds, followed by 45-54 year olds, followed by 25-34 year olds.
16-24 year olds- about 15% of this age group will suffer anxiety.

21
Q

Who is most unlikely to suffer from an anxiety disorder?

A

People in older age.

22
Q

What are the five main types of anxiety disorder?

A

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder.

23
Q

ADHD is more common in boys or girls?

A

Boys…. 90% compared to 10% of girls.

24
Q

The dsm5;
A) classifies mental disorders according to underlying causes.
B) presents detailed list of symptoms of different mental disorders.
C) recommends different courses of treatment for mental disorders.
D) all of the above are correct.

A

D

25
Q

Almost every second person in Australia reports having a mental illness at some point in their lives…. True or false?

A

True….. 45%

26
Q

Schizophrenics have more than one personality. True or false.

A

False. However they may suffer from delusions or hallucinations.

27
Q

What are the two major types of attachment styles? And what are the sub categories?

A

A) secure and non secure

B) avoidant and resistant attachment.

28
Q

If a child cried when their main caregiver left the room, but was comforted by the caregiver when returned. What kind of attachment would this indicate?

A

Secure.

29
Q

Who first discussed attachment as a concept?

A

John Bowlby. This was followed by Mary Ainsworth.

30
Q

Bowlby described four aspects to a secure attachment…. What are they?

A

Proximity maintenance; safe haven; secure base; separation distress.

31
Q

What did Harlow study in terms of psychological development. What was his major finding?

A

Harlow looked at attachment too - so emotional development.
He found that attachment was also about physical touch…. He found that the monkeys attached more to the soft toy, than the toy that provided food for them…. Suggesting that comfort, touch and physical warmth are more important to attachment.

32
Q

What did Piaget study in terms of psychological development?

A

Cognitive development. He created a four stage model that corresponded with age ranges.

33
Q

Who looked a moral development?

A

Kohlberg

34
Q

How many stages did Kohlberg have in his model? And what are they about?

A
Obedience and punishment orientation. 
Naively egotistical orientation 
Good boy/nice girl orientation 
Law and social order maintaining orientation. 
Legalistic social contract orientation. 
Universal ethical orientation.
35
Q

Erikson has eight stages… What are they?

A
Trust vs mistrust
Autonomy verses shame and doubt. 
Initiative vs guilt
Industry vs inferiority
Identity vs identity confusion
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs stagnation
Integrity vs despair.