AOS 2 Chapter 3 Vocabulary

Question 1

Biochemical Reactions

Answer 1

Reactions occurring in cells that lead to the formation of a product from a reactant

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

The total of all chemical reactions occurring in an organism

Question 2

Biochemical Pathways

Answer 2

A series of linked biochemical reactions

Question 3

Enzyme

Answer 3

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up reactions without being used

Question 4

Reactant

Answer 4

A substance that is changed during a chemical reaction

Question 5

Product

Answer 5

The compound that is produced in a reaction

Question 6

Substrate

Answer 6

A compound on which an enzyme acts

Question 7

Anabolic

Answer 7

Chemical reactions in which complex molecules are built from simple molecules

Question 8

Endergonic

Answer 8

A chemical reaction that is energy-requiring

Question 9

Catabolic

Answer 9

Chemical reactions in which complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules

Question 10

Exergonic

Answer 10

A chemical reaction that is energy releasing

Question 11

Catalyst

Answer 11

A factor that causes an increase in the rate of a reaction

Question 12

Activation Energy

Answer 12

The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

Question 13

Active Site

Answer 13

The region of an enzyme that binds temporarily with the specific substrate of the enzyme due to its complementary shape

Question 14

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Answer 14

A transient compound produced by the bonding of an enzyme with its specific substrate

Question 15

Induced Fit

Answer 15

The enzyme model that explains that an enzyme is flexible and changes shape a little when the substrate binds to it

Question 16

Cofactor

Answer 16

A non-protein molecule or ion that is essential for the normal functioning of some enzymes

Question 17

Coenzyme

Answer 17

An organic molecule that acts with an enzyme to alter the rate of a reaction

Question 18

Loaded

Answer 18

The form of coenzymes that can act as electron donors

Question 19

Unloaded

Answer 19

The form of coenzymes that can act as electron acceptors

Question 20

NAD⁺

Answer 20

The unloaded form of NADH, which can accept hydrogen ions and electrons during cellular respiration

Question 21

NADH

Answer 21

The loaded form of NAD⁺, which can donate hydrogen ions and electrons during cellular respiration

Question 22

FAD⁺

Answer 22

A coenzyme with a similar function to NAD⁺, accepting hydrogen ions and electrons during cellular respiration

Question 23

FADH₂

Answer 23

The loaded form of FAD⁺, which can donate hydrogen ions and electrons during cellular respiration

Question 24

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 24

A coenzyme that accepts a phosphate group to form ATP

Question 25

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 25

The common source of useable chemical energy for cells

Question 26

Coenzyme A (CoA)

Answer 26

A coenzyme that aids pyruvate decarboxylase during cellular respiration, accepting an acetyl group

Question 27

NADP⁺

Answer 27

The unloaded form of NADPH, which can accept hydrogen ions and electrons during photosynthesis

Question 28

NADPH

Answer 28

The loaded form of NADP⁺, which can donate hydrogen ions and electrons during photosynthesis

Question 29

Optimum Temperature

Answer 29

The temperature at which the rate of reaction catalysed by an enzyme is at its highest

Question 30

pH

Answer 30

The acidity or alkalinity of a substance on a logarithmic scale in which 7 is neutral, 1 is acidic and 14 is basic (alkaline)

Question 31

Saturation Point

Answer 31

The point at which the active sites of all enzymes in a solution are occupied by a substrate molecule

Question 32

Denaturation

Answer 32

The loss of enzyme structure due to the breaking of bonds upon heating, irreversibly changing the shape of the active site

Question 33

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 33

Inhibition in which a molecule binds to the active site of an enzyme instead of the usual substrate

Question 34

Non-Competitive Inhibition

Answer 34

Inhibition in which a molecule binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme causing a conformational change in the active site

Question 35

Allosteric Site

Answer 35

The location on an enzyme molecule where a compound can bind to and alter the shape of the enzyme

Question 36

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 36

The control of the reaction rate of enzymes through conformational changes in enzymes

Question 37

Feedback inhibition

Answer 37

Inhibition occurs when the end product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway as a negative feedback mechanism This is also known as end-product inhibition

Question 38

Allosteric Inhibitors

Answer 38

Molecules that bind to the allosteric site of an enzyme and stop enzyme activity

Question 39

Allosteric Activators

Answer 39

Molecules that bind to the allosteric site of an enzyme and increase enzyme activity

Question 40

End-Product Inhibiton

Answer 40

Inhibition of the early stage of a multi step pathway by the final product of that pathway