AOS 2 China consequences

Question 1

Origins of FYP

Answer 1

Ch needed transition to soc –> modelled transition based on that used by USSR (ind. Prod/heavy ind e.g. coal, mining etc) –> creation of Five Year Plans (1953-57)

Question 2

Key policies of FYP

Answer 2

Staged collectivisation = ‘Lower’ = 20-40 households
‘Higher’ = 100-300 families + All community owned + run –> aimed to develop rural areas
Nationalisation of private industry: Mao wanted by end of 1957 all private ind.

Question 3

Pros of FYP

Answer 3

• 1st FYP + ^ successful: met targets (^10-16% of annual prod)
  Ch able to prod. Trucks etc by itself
• Aimed to have ½ rural workforce coll by end of 1957 h/w had 97% by end of 1956
• Nationalisation of private industry: Mao wanted by end of 1957 all private ind. Owned by state (ach mid Jan 1956)
  ^ celebrations among Ch e.g. 200,000 in Beijing

Question 4

Cons of FYP

Answer 4

89% of govt’s budget
Loans from USSR = better for soviets than Ch
Growth in farming= only 4% per year =too low t/f ^ strain of agr.
Grain yields only ^ 2-3% + other crops decreased = X able to keep up w/ pop growth (2.2% per annum)

Question 5

High Tide of Socialism

Answer 5

Mao bel needed to ^ speed of coll. so peasants X fall into tendency to support cap
T/f aimed to have ½ rural workforce coll by end of 1957

Question 6

What was ach during High Tide of Socialism

Answer 6

Aimed to have ½ rural workforce coll by end of 1957 h/w had 97% by end of 1956

Question 7

Challenges to Mao’s position during FYP

Answer 7

USSR = Stalin X + cult of personality condemn –> Mao feared same in Ch t/f 8TH Party Congress = decreased Mao’s power e.g. X Mao Zedong Thought references / new leadership team / crit views of coll.
Mao’s challenges = - dev Maoist style of socio eco dev
-X pop dissatisfaction w/ soc policies
-Preserve rev virtues

Question 8

Aims of Hundred Flowers campaign

Answer 8

Mao wanted to ^ freedom of expression among intellectuals t/f make CCP ^ acc / X protest / end debate re. coll
CCP wanted ^ rel b/w int/CCP t/f 100 Fl. Camp began in order to: shake up party bureaucracy / X troubles like in Eastern Europe

Question 9

Results of Hundred Flowers Campaign

Answer 9

Anti-rightist campaign began –> 300k-400k rightists = ‘re-educated’ + 40% GMD + ruined ^ lives = damaged Ch’s ^ education system + X ppl w/ tech expertise –> ^ $ impact on future

Question 10

Great Leap Forward inspirations

Answer 10

Inspired by soviet launch of Sputnik + plan to overtake US in ind > Ch wanted to ach sim feat for socialism t/f aimed to prod ^ steel than Brit

Question 11

When was the GLF introduced

Answer 11

5-23 May 1958

Question 12

General Line re. GLF

Answer 12

Meeting the people’s demands re. dev Ch e.g. ppl want ^ agricultural dev t/f intro new strategies / communal kitchens intro re. need for ^ food etc

Question 13

Initial response to GLF

Answer 13

^ support e.g. communes spread across Ch b/c viewed as good >740k ppl into 26k communes

Question 14

Purpose of People’s Communes

Answer 14

Encourage ‘rev zeal’ to dev Ch
^ dev in rural areas e.g. nurseries for ch so parents could work / communal kitchens to foster coll spirit / elderly people cared for in ‘Happiness Homes’ / welfare, schools, small ind etc / X need for ‘tech experts’ or bureaucratisation

Question 15

Impact of People’s Communes on peasantry

Answer 15

Initially good e.g. able to eat ^ (eating contests etc) h/w > Peng Dehuai saw hunger/cold/X beds in ‘Happiness Homes’

Viewed as making “slave driving more efficient” - Chang + Halliday
+ “the state became the ultimate landlord” - Fairbank

Question 16

Why was the ‘Backyard furnace’ campaign stated + how efv?

Answer 16

Needed to ^ steel prod to compete against Brit = ‘backyard furnaces’ created (cheaper, easier etc)
H/w low qual steel (quantity over qual) / took ppl away from farms / furnaces X in rain b/c made out of mud

Question 17

Problems from communal kitchens

Answer 17

^ eating = low harvests meant ^ work to replenish
Led to food shortages in the long-term b/c ^ food stocks eaten in short time period
Evident b/c X eventually

Question 18

Lysenkoism

Answer 18

plant seeds close together + deep ploughing for ^ root systems h/w > X wind get through plants t/f low qual rice/ lower yields + topsoil X b/c became barren t/f poor harvest / less food

Question 19

4 Pest Campaign

Answer 19

Flies (nuisance), sparrows (each ate 2kg grain per year), mosquitoes (spread Malaria), rats (plague)
1bn sparrows X
H/w X sparrows = locust swarms ^ t/f X ^ crops + ^ vermin / failure of campaign

Question 20

How was a culture of fear created during the GLF?

Answer 20

Lushan Plenum = Mao reinforced his role as leader by purging pol enemies / those who disagreed w/ him e.g. Peng

Tortured farmers to get ^ grain

False reporting = in attempt to please Mao

Question 21

How did manipulating stats impact Ch during GLF

Answer 21

1959 = 170mil tn grain prod h/w claimed 500mil tn > false surplus t/f when levies taken bel 30% was being taken h/w in reality was 90% grain harvest –> food shortage

^ food cont’d to be eaten in communal kitchens h/w food was low on supply

Question 22

Wuhan Plenum

Answer 22

Party realised prob in rural areas  decrease radical aspects of GLF > levee = decreased from 450 mil tn > 370 mil tn (still too much) + quotas decreased / private markets + gardens allowed (^ incentive to grow) / X comm kitchens

Question 23

How did the Lushan Plenum ^ Mao’s power

Answer 23

Mao accepted resp h/w blamed other members for X telling him that the plan was failing earlier
Purged enemies e.g. Peng > removed from position as Defence Minister > Mao’s position reinforced

Question 24

Lushan Plenum

Answer 24

Mao called for meeting w/ Central Committee | Mao concerned that Peng’s letter will impact his reputation + feared Peng was colluding w/ USSR (Peng condemned Maoist ideas as idealistic/unrealistic)
Mao X respond to Peng’s letter > committee viewed this as Mao agreeing

Question 25

Causes of Three Bad Years Famine

Answer 25

Situation worsened h/w officials cont’d tell Mao X problem > arrested those trying to leave communes / X media or mail allowed in/out / fanatical comm cont’d extracting ^ grain to be exported > feared giving Mao bad news

Question 26

Consequences of Three Bad Years Famine

Answer 26

30-50mil X

Question 27

Mao's prag solutions to GLF

Answer 27

Mao removed corruption from w/in party to reduce risk for future failures e.g. false reporting / forceful taking of grain e.g. use of torture X communal kitchens to deal w/ food shortage

Question 28

Why did Mao's frustrations w/ the party increase in the mid-1960s?

Answer 28

Lack of 'class struggle' e.g. peasants unwilling to participate in rev 2 factions (cap/soc) Lack of ideology Mao bel. passive approach to SEM would undermine soc Treated like 'dead ancestor' (his ideas X acknowldeged)

Question 29

What's the Socialist Education Movement?

Answer 29

24th-27th sept 1962 Aimed to stamp out corruption + socialist aspects of soc Peasants made to survey cadres to ensure X corrupt h/w X view as priority of tending to fields/harvests etc t/f X work how Mao planned to Targeted 4 ‘Clean ups’  grain coll / public areas / accounting procedures / work point distribution

Question 30

How did views differ re. impl of SEM

Answer 30

Approaches from Mao = mass line / use the peasants to X capitalism Liu = internal political matter

Question 31

Outcomes of SEM

Answer 31

1st = peasants manage cadres h/w X work t/f intro ‘Later Ten Points’ --> work teams of reliable ofc to travel to regions of ^ corruption h/w cadres cont’d to dodge anti-corruption initiatives

Question 32

Examples of emulation campaigns

Answer 32

Learn from Lei Feng = ideal citizen who valued Mao Zedong Thought through the Little Red Book / fought in PLA / volunteered + made donations Learn from PLA = commissars oversee pol. study X ranks + X soviet-style uniform / help in soc e.g. through schools

Question 32

Emulation Campaigns

Answer 32

Used to display ideal citizens / how to live like them / how arts could be used to judge virtues of the people + soc

Question 33

May 16 Circular / impact

Answer 33

Liu = away > Mao met w/ Politburo + withdrew Feb Outline Report > May 16 Circular published (X Five-man group (t/f X allow allegories/crit of CCP) / intro new cult rev)

Question 34

Why did Mao begin the Cultural Revolution?

Answer 34

Mao wanted to denounce regime crit through art e.g. Hai Rui Dismissed from Office > ‘Five-Man Group’ est to investigate carrying out ‘cult rev’ + own interests e.g. quest for ‘rev immortality’ + own mortality > wanted to leave a legacy before X/ Monkey King i.e. doing what he wants / bourgeois infl

Question 35

Red Guards + how did they help in carrying out the revolution

Answer 35

March 1966 = group of middle school Ch who wanted to expand rev from universities - ^ violence e.g. attacked counter-rev ppl by throwing ink on them / beating them / humiliating them

Question 36

Mao's Good Swim + impact on rev

Answer 36

Swam in Yangzi river= cult of personality ^ / ^ faith in him b/c seen as healthy + fit (10,000 spectators to see him swim) > genuine popularity > ^ legitimacy in his rule

Question 37

Sixteen Points

Answer 37

Summary of needs for rev to be successful > decreased support for pol opponents e.g. Liu = removed from position + repl w/ Lin Biao (Maoist)

Question 38

Impact of Cultural Revolution on day-to-day life

Answer 38

2.2bn portraits of Mao across Ch + shortage of aluminum for aviation ind b/c ^ used for badges of Mao + ppl bowed for Mao's portraits (for good luck etc) X 'bourg' clothing e.g. jeans ^ gender eq