AOS 3: Changes in Australias health status

Question 1

Examples of categories of disease

Answer 1

infectious and parasitic diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, injury and poisoning

Question 2

infectious disease definition

Answer 2

Diseases caused by micro-organisms such as bacteria viruses or fungi, that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another

Question 3

Examples of infectious diseases

Answer 3

Cholera, smallpox, polio, whooping cough and tuberculosis

Question 4

why did rates of cancer increase in the mid 1980’s

Answer 4

increase in cases of lung cancer due to the peaking popularity of smoking

Question 5

Examples of cardiovascular disease

Answer 5

coronary heart disease (heart attack), cerebrovascular disease (stroke)

Question 6

Examples of respiratory disease

Answer 6

Covid-19, pneumonia, influenza, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 7

what caused respiratory diseases to spike in the 1920’s

Answer 7

respiratory diseases became common for those working in the mining industry, as there were few health and safety regulations

Question 8

Examples of injury and poisoning

Answer 8

motor vehicle accidents, suicide, assault, poisoning, drowning, burns, falls and complications from medical and surgical care

Question 9

Old public health Definition

Answer 9

Government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, better nutrition, improved housing and working conditions

Question 10

Public health Definition

Answer 10

the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status to prevent disease

Question 11

Examples of Old public health

Answer 11

Establishment of government-funded water, quarantine laws, elimination of housing slums, improved food and nutrition, improved working conditions, more hygienic birthing practises,

Question 12

examples of Diseases with vaccinations

Answer 12

Smallpox, polio, tuberculosis, tetanus, measles, rubella and hepatitis B

Question 13

Health promotion definition

Answer 13

The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

Question 14

Why was health promotion introduced

Answer 14

the emergence of lifestyle diseases within the population

Question 15

The Biomedical approach to health definition

Answer 15

focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. it is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis treatment and cure of disease

Question 16

Features of the biomedical approach

Answer 16

Focuses on individuals who are ill, quick fix approach and relies on technology to diagnose treat and cure

Question 17

Advantages of the biomedical approach

Answer 17

improvements in technology, extending life expectancy and improves quality of life

Question 18

Disadvantages of the biomedical approach

Answer 18

costly, doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing, not every condition can be treated

Question 19

New public health definition

Answer 19

an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the way in which physical sociocultural and political environments impact on health

Question 20

Social model of health definition

Answer 20

also considered to be new public health, recognising health efforts can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups

Question 21

Principles of the social model of health

Answer 21

1. acts to enable access to healthcare
2. empowers individuals and communities
3. addresses the broader determinants
4. involves intersectoral collaboration
5. acts to reduce social inequities

Question 22

Advantages of the social model of Health

Answer 22

Less expensive, promotes good health and wellbeing and focuses on disadvantaged population groups

Question 23

disadvantages of the social model of health

Answer 23

not every condition can be prevented, health promotion messages can be ignored

Question 24

the Ottowa charter definition

Answer 24

an approach to health developed by the world health organisation that aims to reduce inequities in health, it has 5 action areas centred around three strategies for health promotion

Question 25

Ottowa charter 3 strategies for health promotion

Answer 25

Enabling, mediating and advocacy

Question 26

Action areas of the Ottowa charter

Answer 26

1. build healthy public policy
2. create supportive environments
   3 strengthen community action
3. develop personal skills
4. reorient health services

Question 27

Medicare definition

Answer 27

Australia’s universal health insurance scheme administered by the federal government, giving all Australians, permanent residence and those from countries with reciprocal agreements access to subsidised healthcare

Question 28

schedule fee definition

Answer 28

the amount that medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments

Question 29

Bulk-billing definition

Answer 29

when the doctor only charges the schedule fee, no out-of-pocket expenses

Question 30

Examples of services covered by medicare

Answer 30

X-rays, doctor and specialist consultations, pathology and treatment in public hospitals

Question 31

Medicare safety net definition

Answer 31

provides a financial safety net for those that incur significant out-of-pocket expenses for medicare services over a 12 month period

Question 32

examples of what is not covered by medicare

Answer 32

most costs associated with private healthcare, most dental examinations and ambulance services

Question 33

Pharmaceutical benefits scheme definition

Answer 33

PBS’s aim is to provide essential medicines to people who need them regardless of their ability to pay

Question 34

National disability insurance scheme definition

Answer 34

NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with prominent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers so that they can live an ordinary life. it is funded by the federal, state and territory governments.

Question 35

How does the NDIS assist individuals examples

Answer 35

access services and supports, maintain informal support arrangements and receive reasonable and necessary funded supports

Question 36

why is smoking targeted in Australia (statistics)

Answer 36

kills more than 20,000 Australians and costs australia $31.5 billion in social and economic costs

Question 37

key areas for promoting health status (SAFE)

Answer 37

Sustainability, access, funding and equity

Question 38

Private health insurance incentives examples

Answer 38

Age-based discount, medicare levy surcharge and private health insurance rebate

Question 39

Health promotion interventions for smoking

Answer 39

increased taxation on tobacco, smoke-free environments, decreased advertisement

Question 40

National tobacco campaigns examples

Answer 40

Anti-smoking media campaigns (emotional smoking advertisment), QUIT website and MyQuit buddy app

Question 41

Guideline 1 definition (healthy weight)

Answer 41

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs

Question 42

Guideline 2 (variety of foods)

Answer 42

enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following 5 groups every day and drink plenty of water

Question 43

Guideline 3 (limit intake)

Answer 43

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt added sugars and alcohol

Question 44

The Australian Guide to healthy eating definition

Answer 44

a food selection tool incorporated into the Australian dietary guidelines intended to be used by consumers to assist them in planning, selecting and consuming adequate proportioned of foods